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Letter #48

Ioannes DANTISCUS to Bona Sforza
Heilsberg (Lidzbark), 1541-02-15

English register:

Dantiscus sends a letter via the queen’s protégé, the Ermland (Warmina) canon and the son of voivode of Pomerania Rafał Konopacki. He informs the queen that some individuals are challenging Konopacki’s right to the canonry and are attempting to remove him from it in an underhand manner. Leading them is Alexander Sculteti, who was proscribed by the king [Sigismund I Jagiellon] for heresy. On October 22, Sculteti travelled to Rome to undermine by all means those who join the Ermland chapter under nomination from the king or queen (iure regio).

By order of the king, Dantiscus, the bishop of Kulm (Chełmno) [Tiedemann Giese], and the provost of Ermland [Paweł Płotowski] searched a small chest found among Sculteti’s belongings and deposited at Malbork Castle. Within it, they discovered numerous materials directed against the servants of the king and queen and undermining royal sovereignty, as well as a work by Heinrich Bullinger containing heretical content and aimed against the authority of the Apostolic See, annotated with numerous marginal notes in Sculteti’s own hand. The chest and its contents were sealed. Subsequently, Dantiscus sent it to the king, attaching a public instrument relating to the case and his own letter.

According to Dantiscus, in the face of such evidence, the pope [Paul III] will not be able to evade confirming the sentence of proscription issued by the king. Dantiscus requests that the queen likewise make efforts in this matter.




Manuscript sources:
1copy in Latin, 16th-century, BJ, 6557, f. 393r-394r
2copy in Latin, 18th-century, BCz, 58 (TN), No. 25, p. 111-113
3copy in Latin, 18th-century, BCz, 274, No. 248, p. 497-498
4register with excerpt in Latin, Polish, 20th-century, B. PAU-PAN, 8244 (TK 6), a.1541, f. 22r-v

 

Text & apparatus & commentary Plain text Text & commentary Text & apparatus Excerpts concerning Dantiscus' travels

 

BJ, 6657, f. 393r

Ioannes Dantiscus (Johannes von Höfen, Ioannes de Curiis, Jan Dantyszek, Hans Flachsbinder) (*1485 – †1548), eminent diplomat and humanist in the service of the Jagiellons, neo-Latin poet; 1530-1537 Bishop of Kulm; 1537-1548 Bishop of Ermland⌊Ioannes Dantiscus episcopus Culmensis(!)Ioannes Dantiscus (Johannes von Höfen, Ioannes de Curiis, Jan Dantyszek, Hans Flachsbinder) (*1485 – †1548), eminent diplomat and humanist in the service of the Jagiellons, neo-Latin poet; 1530-1537 Bishop of Kulm; 1537-1548 Bishop of Ermland⌋ Bona Sforza (*1494 – †1557), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1518-1557); the second wife of Sigismund I Jagiellon; Duchess of Bari and Rossano; daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and Isabella of Aragon⌊Bonae reginae PoloniaeBona Sforza (*1494 – †1557), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1518-1557); the second wife of Sigismund I Jagiellon; Duchess of Bari and Rossano; daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and Isabella of Aragon⌋

Serenissima Reginalis Maiestas et Domina, domina clementissima.

Humillimam servitiorum et orationum mearum commendationem.

Cum is generosus dominus palatinides Pomeraniae, Rafał Konopacki (Raphael von Konopat) (*ca. 1510 – †ca. 1570), son of Jerzy Konopacki (Georg von Konopat) and Anna Peckau, younger brother of Jan Konopacki, Canon of Ermland; converted to Protestantism in the last years of his life; 1533-1537 courtier of Vice-Chancellor Piotr Tomicki, 1539-1547 Canon of Ermland (Warmia) (nominated in 1537 by Queen Bona Sforza), 1547-1549 Chamberlain of Marienburg (Malbork), 1549-1551 Chamberlain of Kulm (Chełmno), 1551-1570 Castellan of Elbing (Elbląg) (SBPN 2, p. 438; NOWOSAD 2014, p. 74-80; SBKW, p. 121; KOPICZKO 2, p. 161)⌊Raphael a CaBJ, 6657, f. 393vnopathRafał Konopacki (Raphael von Konopat) (*ca. 1510 – †ca. 1570), son of Jerzy Konopacki (Georg von Konopat) and Anna Peckau, younger brother of Jan Konopacki, Canon of Ermland; converted to Protestantism in the last years of his life; 1533-1537 courtier of Vice-Chancellor Piotr Tomicki, 1539-1547 Canon of Ermland (Warmia) (nominated in 1537 by Queen Bona Sforza), 1547-1549 Chamberlain of Marienburg (Malbork), 1549-1551 Chamberlain of Kulm (Chełmno), 1551-1570 Castellan of Elbing (Elbląg) (SBPN 2, p. 438; NOWOSAD 2014, p. 74-80; SBKW, p. 121; KOPICZKO 2, p. 161)⌋, Ermland (Warmia, Varmia), diocese and ecclesiastical principality in northeastern Poland, 1466-1772 within the Kingdom of Poland, Royal Prussia⌊ecclesiae meaeErmland (Warmia, Varmia), diocese and ecclesiastical principality in northeastern Poland, 1466-1772 within the Kingdom of Poland, Royal Prussia⌋ canonicus, ad aulam proficiscatur, non potui illum sine meis ad Serenissimam Maiestatem Vestram Reginalem a me dimittere, ob id potissimum, quod quidam sunt apud ecclesiam meam, qui illum in iure nominationis, quod a Serenissima Maiestate Vestra habet, impedire, immo ex eo detrudere Romanistis sycophantiis moliuntur. Quorum antesignanus est Alexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌊Alexander ScultetiAlexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌋ a serenissima Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊maiestate regia ms. Vestra(!) ⌈regiaregia ms. Vestra(!) ⌉Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋, domini mei clementissimi, iustissime ob detestandam haeresim proscriptus. Alexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌊IsAlexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌋ XXII Octobris praeteriti ad Rome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the River Tiber, seat of the Holy See⌊UrbemRome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the River Tiber, seat of the Holy See⌋ concessit, ubi cf. Liv. 4.3.6 quid tandem est cur caelum ac terras misceant; Adagia 281 Mare caelo miscere ⌊caelum terrae miscerecf. Liv. 4.3.6 quid tandem est cur caelum ac terras misceant; Adagia 281 Mare caelo miscere ⌋ contendit cf. Adagia 330 Omnem movere lapidem ⌊nullumque non movebit lapidemcf. Adagia 330 Omnem movere lapidem ⌋, ut eos maxime, qui iure regio aut Serenissimae Maiestatis Vestrae ad Ermland (Warmia, Varmia), diocese and ecclesiastical principality in northeastern Poland, 1466-1772 within the Kingdom of Poland, Royal Prussia⌊ecclesiam meamErmland (Warmia, Varmia), diocese and ecclesiastical principality in northeastern Poland, 1466-1772 within the Kingdom of Poland, Royal Prussia⌋ intrarunt, omni, qua potest, molestia perturbet.

Verum, quia iis diebus serenissima Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊maiestas regiaSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ mihi et reverendissimo Tiedemann Giese (Tidemannus Gisius) (*1480 – †1550), ennobled by King Sigismund I in 1519; 1504–1538 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1516–1527 and 1533–1537 Judicial Vicar and Vicar General of Ermland; 1523–1538 Custos of Ermland; 1537–1549 Bishop of Kulm (Chełmno); 1549–1550 Bishop of Ermland (BORAWSKA 1984)⌊domino CulmensiTiedemann Giese (Tidemannus Gisius) (*1480 – †1550), ennobled by King Sigismund I in 1519; 1504–1538 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1516–1527 and 1533–1537 Judicial Vicar and Vicar General of Ermland; 1523–1538 Custos of Ermland; 1537–1549 Bishop of Kulm (Chełmno); 1549–1550 Bishop of Ermland (BORAWSKA 1984)⌋ ac domino Paweł Płotowski (*ca. 1485 – †1547), from 1520 Canon of Ermland (Warmia) and from 1523 Provost of the Ermland Chapter; in 1523, after the death of Fabian von Lusian (Luzjański), one of the King’s four candidates for the bishopric of Ermland; in 1530, after the death of Jan Konopacki (Johann von Konopat) Sr, and in 1537, after Dantiscus’ translation to the bishopric of Ermland, he sought the bishopric of Kulm (Chełmno); secretary to Chancellor Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, and from 1533 royal secretary and courtier; in the 1530s and 1540s several times royal envoy to the Estates of Royal Prussia (SBKW, p. 191; KOPICZKO 2, p. 249-250)⌊praeposito meo VarmiensiPaweł Płotowski (*ca. 1485 – †1547), from 1520 Canon of Ermland (Warmia) and from 1523 Provost of the Ermland Chapter; in 1523, after the death of Fabian von Lusian (Luzjański), one of the King’s four candidates for the bishopric of Ermland; in 1530, after the death of Jan Konopacki (Johann von Konopat) Sr, and in 1537, after Dantiscus’ translation to the bishopric of Ermland, he sought the bishopric of Kulm (Chełmno); secretary to Chancellor Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, and from 1533 royal secretary and courtier; in the 1530s and 1540s several times royal envoy to the Estates of Royal Prussia (SBKW, p. 191; KOPICZKO 2, p. 249-250)⌋ cf. Sigismund I Jagiellon to Ioannes DANTISCUS, Tiedemann GIESE & Stanisław KOSTKA Vilnius, 1540-12-18, CIDTC IDL 5705⌊litteriscf. Sigismund I Jagiellon to Ioannes DANTISCUS, Tiedemann GIESE & Stanisław KOSTKA Vilnius, 1540-12-18, CIDTC IDL 5705⌋ suis commisit, ut eiusdem Alexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌊AlexandriAlexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌋ proscripti arculam, quae ab illo accepta et inter res eius inventa fuit atque ad Marienburg (Malbork), town and castle in northern Poland, in Pomeranian Voivodeship, on the Nogat, a branch of the Vistula in its delta, the seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order in Prussia (1309–1457) and a voivodeship capital in Royal Prussia, within the Kingdom of Poland (1466–1772). Alternating with Graudenz (Grudziądz), Marienburg was the venue of the Provincial Diets of Royal Prussia, chaired by the bishop of Ermland (Warmia)⌊arcem MarienburgensemMarienburg (Malbork), town and castle in northern Poland, in Pomeranian Voivodeship, on the Nogat, a branch of the Vistula in its delta, the seat of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order in Prussia (1309–1457) and a voivodeship capital in Royal Prussia, within the Kingdom of Poland (1466–1772). Alternating with Graudenz (Grudziądz), Marienburg was the venue of the Provincial Diets of Royal Prussia, chaired by the bishop of Ermland (Warmia)⌋ tradita, inter nos convenientes discuteremus apertaque omnia in ea reperta scrutaremur. Quod cum proximis iis diebus fecissemus, magnam fraudium et in servitores regios atque Reginalis Maiestatis Vestrae perturbationum vim et thesaurum invenimus, multa contra serenissimam Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊maiestatem regiamSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ eiusque maiestatis superioritatem, porro longe plura contra Corpus et Sanguinem Iesu Christi Domini nostri sanctorumque patrum instituta contraque Holy See (Sedes Apostolica) ⌊sedis apostolicaeHoly See (Sedes Apostolica) ⌋ auctoritatem in libello Zürich (Tigurum, Turicum, Thuregus), city in Switzerland, capital of the canton of Zürich⌊Tiguri apud HelveciosZürich (Tigurum, Turicum, Thuregus), city in Switzerland, capital of the canton of Zürich⌋ excuso ms. excusi(!) ⌈excusoexcuso ms. excusi(!) ⌉ Heinrich Bullinger ⌊Henrici BilingeriHeinrich Bullinger ⌋ omnium sacramentariorum principis,[1] qui Ulrich Zwingli (*1484 – †1531), leader of the Reformation in Switzerland and a member of the first generation of Reformers in the twenties of the 16th century⌊ZvinglioUlrich Zwingli (*1484 – †1531), leader of the Reformation in Switzerland and a member of the first generation of Reformers in the twenties of the 16th century⌋ occiso in contione apud Citizens of Zürich ⌊TigurinosCitizens of Zürich ⌋ successit illumque post se longo intervallo relinquens in maledicentia, impietate et blasphemia multis curriculis praecessit. Hunc, inquam, libellum manu ipsius Alexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌊AlexandriAlexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌋ variis passim in locis marginum annotatum et in arcula repertum una cum arcula et rebus in ea omnibus a nobis visis et perlectis sigillis nostris obsignata cum instrumento publico desuper confecto ac litteris nostris per proprium nuntium serenissimae Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊maiestati regiaeSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ misi.

Unde, cum prius per dicta testium Alexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌊AlexanderAlexander Sculteti (Scholtcze) (*ca. 1485 – †1570), doctor of canon law, cartographer, historian, and friend of Copernicus; accused by Dantiscus and Stanisław Hozjusz (Hosius) of Sacramentarian heresy and banished by King Sigismund I Jagiellon in 1540; imprisoned by the Inquisition in Rome in 1541; after his release in 1544, he remained in Rome for the rest of his life; 1509–1516 notary at the Roman Curia; 1519–1541 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1529–1539 Chancellor of the Ermland Chapter; 1536–1540 administrator of the komornictwo of Mehlsack (Melzak, now Pieniężno) (KOPICZKO 2, p. 299; SBKW, p. 219-220; BORAWSKA 2023, p. 537-538)⌋ manifeste haereticus esse convictus sit et pro eo omni iure a serenissima BJ, 6657, f. 394r Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊maiestate regiaSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ condemnatus, non poterit Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) (*1468 – †1549), 1493 elevated to cardinal; 1524 Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia; 1534-1549 Pope⌊summus pontifexPaul III (Alessandro Farnese) (*1468 – †1549), 1493 elevated to cardinal; 1524 Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia; 1534-1549 Pope⌋ eo libello viso decretum proscriptionis contra Alexandrum non confirmare approbareque pro suae celsitudinis officio ea, quae serenissima maiestas regia contra tam impurum haereticum statuit. Quod eo facilius succedet, si et suam operam Serenissima Maiestas Vestra Reginalis in favorem suorum et regiorum servitorum impendet. Idipsum ut faciat non gravate, oro.

Et me Serenissimae Maiestati Vestrae supplicissme commendo. Quam ut Deus Omnipotens diutissime florentem prosperrimeque valentem conservet, ex animo intime precor.

[1] Probably one of the commentaries on the letters of Paul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the Apostles⌊St. PaulPaul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the Apostles⌋, cf. cf. Polski Słownik Biograficzny ( Schroeder - Seidel ), ed. by Henryk Markiewicz, vol. 36/1, Warszawa - Kraków, 1995 ⌊PSB 36/1cf. Polski Słownik Biograficzny ( Schroeder - Seidel ), ed. by Henryk Markiewicz, vol. 36/1, Warszawa - Kraków, 1995 ⌋, p. 89.