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Tekst #538

Ad Divum Carolum Maximum Regem Catholicum, Mercurini Arboriensis de Gattinaria, Burgundiae Praesidis Iuris utriusque Doctoris, et Militis oratio supplicatoria somnium interserens de novissima orbis monarchia, ac futuro Christianorum triumpho, late enuntians, quibus mediis ad id perveniri possit

Brussels 1516-12-08
Rękopiśmienne podstawy źródłowe:
1czystopis język: łacina, ręką pisarza, BL, MS 18008

Publikacje:
1CEID 5/3 s. 121-236 (in extenso)

 

Tekst + aparat krytyczny + komentarzZwykły tekstTekst + komentarzTekst + aparat krytyczny

 

BL, MS 18008, f. 2r

Luigi Marliano (Alvise Marliano) (*1463 – †1521), court physician of King Philip I of Castile and of his son Emperor Charles V (CE, vol. 2, p. 392-393)Aluysio MarlianoLuigi Marliano (Alvise Marliano) (*1463 – †1521), court physician of King Philip I of Castile and of his son Emperor Charles V (CE, vol. 2, p. 392-393), artium et medicinae doctori, Thudensi episcopo atque catholici Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of CastileHispaniarum regisCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile prothophysico, Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara (*1465 – †1530), humanist, jurist, trusted and influential advisor to Charles V; 1501 entered the service of the Habsburgs as legal counsel to Duchess Margaret of Austria, 1504 advisor and President of the Privy Council of Margaret of Austria, after the governoship of the Netherlands was entrusted to her, 1518 Grand Chancellor of Castile and later of Charles V as Roman Emperor, 1529 Cardinal of St. Giovanni a Porta Latina (after the death of his wife, Andreetta Avogadro) (DE VOCHT 1961, p. 12; CE, vol. 2, p. 76-80)Mercurinus Arboriensis[1] de GattinariaMercurino Arborio di Gattinara (*1465 – †1530), humanist, jurist, trusted and influential advisor to Charles V; 1501 entered the service of the Habsburgs as legal counsel to Duchess Margaret of Austria, 1504 advisor and President of the Privy Council of Margaret of Austria, after the governoship of the Netherlands was entrusted to her, 1518 Grand Chancellor of Castile and later of Charles V as Roman Emperor, 1529 Cardinal of St. Giovanni a Porta Latina (after the death of his wife, Andreetta Avogadro) (DE VOCHT 1961, p. 12; CE, vol. 2, p. 76-80) salutem plurimam dicit.

Solent, Praesul Optime virque clarissime, qui dolore aliquo anxietateque premuntur, ab amicis passim visitari, consolari ac refoveri.

Quod animadvertens amicus ille noster communis et non vulgaris Philibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529)Philibertus NaturelliPhilibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529) Traiectensis praepositus, ordinis aurei velleris summus cancellarius, inter silentiarios Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castilecatholici regisCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile nostri annumeratus planeque perspiciens, quibus calamitatibus, angustiis et doloribus agitarer, is apud me veri amici officio assiduo functus est. Numquam tamen me in otio comperit, nusquam desidiae aut ignaviae deditum, sed aut legentem aliquid, aut scribentem invenit. Dissuasit tam intensum studium immensumque laborem, animum iocis ac ludis quandoque BL, MS 18008, f. 2v refovendum et recreandum affirmans, cavendumque, ne fatigatus spiritus corporeos sensus a recto ordine diverteret mentisque debilitatem induceret. Id enim metuebant amici avertendumque curabant, quod aemuli (sinistro affectu iam me dementem censentes) irridebant.

Philibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529)HuicPhilibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529) ostendi animum meum his fulturis sustineri, dum enim lego aliquid aut scribo, cessat omnis occasio peccandi omnisque inanis ac mala cogitatio submovetur. Nihil audio, quod audisse non deceat, nihil dico, quod dixisse paeniteat, nemo apud me quemquam sinistris sermonibus carpit, neminem ipse reprehendo, nisi unum me, cum parum commode scribo. Nulla spe, nullo timore sollicitor, nullius rumoribus inquietor, mecum tantum et cum libellis loquor. Hincque curis posthabitis quietior somnus insequitur, hinc quoque servatur mens sana in corpore sano.

Placuit Philibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529)amicoPhilibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529) amici constantia, si huic perseverantia comes fieret. Cum autem BL, MS 18008, f. 3r inopinate semel apud me superveniens libellum ante oculos cerneret, quem in mundum redigebam, libuit inspicere eius libelli titulum. Quo perspecto cum ibidem de somnio futurae monarchiae mentio haberetur, avidius concupivit reliquum videre.

Dixi re imperfecta id non licere, completo tamen opere, priusquam ederetur (cum nefas foret id amico negare), libellum ipsum Philibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529)eiPhilibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529) communicandum, est namque mihi moris, quod in manus hominum sum daturus, prius amicorum iudicio examinare. Servavi itaque fidem, dedi Philibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529)illiPhilibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529) libellum examinandum.

Scrutatus est, ut ait, singula, nil aliud damnans, nisi longam prolixamque enarrationem iniustitiae mihi illatae ceterorumque malorum meorum.

Quod ita diffuse actum exstitit, quia inde curarum ac somnii nata esset occasio, quae figuram ac formam libello tribuebat.

Retulit Philibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529)PhilibertusPhilibert Naturel (Philibertus Naturelli, Philibert Preudhomme, Philibert Proudhomme) (*ca. 1450 – †1529) ipse tecum de his nostris ineptiis disseruisse teque cupidum BL, MS 18008, f. 3v reddidisse eius, quod ipse sincero affectu efflagitabam, ut scilicet somnia haec nostra oculis intellectus Tuae Dignationis subicerentur.

Quo profecto nil mihi gratius esse posset, hinc enim mihi ruboris, tibi laboris tollitur excusatio, cum erubescere non debeam tibi exhibere quod postulas, tibi autem aspernari non licet laborem, quem affectas. Et si esse nobis curae solet, ut facies nostra ab optimo quoque artifice exprimatur, magis optare debemus, ut operibus nostris optimus enuntiator occurrat, cum multum intersit, quid a quoque fiat, eadem enim facta claritate vel obscuritate facientium aut tolluntur altissime, aut humillime deprimuntur. Ardesco igitur, ut a te scientiae ac doctrinae fonte scaturiente prodeat somnii ac vigiliarum nostrarum approbatio vel improbatio. Ad id autem eo libentius trahor, quod tuam erga me humanitatem ac BL, MS 18008, f. 4r benevolentiam iamdiu expertam habeam, idque suadeat Italy (Italia)Itala tellusItaly (Italia), quae utrique nostrum natale praebuit, ut corporum origo ex eodem solo prosiliens, eandem animorum vim eundemque benevolentiae affectum secum ducat.

Teneor enim, et merito, spem omnem in te reponere, ut qui saepius huius corporis aegritudines curasti vitamque in discrimine positam servasti, nunc etiam eiusdem mentis defectus, si qui sint, curare debeas omnibusque nostrorum sensuum morbis antidotum praeparare. Ut autem hi, qui me amentem astruunt, amentiae signum in somniis nostris conspiciant, Tu, quemadmodum corporis morbos ex his, quae ab ipso corpore egeruntur, discernere soles, ita de intrinsecis qualitatibus mentis et animi ex operibus extrinsecis iudicium facies. Proinde, siquando otium dabitur, intende in libellum, quem cum hac epistula accipies, quia vereor, ne ipse ut tristis ac multiplicibus curis agitatus BL, MS 18008, f. 4v parum intenderim. Imperare enim dolori, ut scriberem, potui, ut vacuo animo laetoque nequivi. Perscrutetur itaque Tua Dignitas singula in libello nostro descripta, videat, eliminet, excutiat somniantis opus vigilantiori, qua poterit, cura, nec prius iudicet, quam totum perlegerit indeque detegat, quid de universo, quid de partibus sentiat, ut vel sim cautior in continendo, vel constantior in edendo, si huc, vel illuc auctoritas tua accesserit.

Curabis tamen intentionem scribentis accommodare ac in plerisque frontem remittere. Sunt enim quaedam adolescentium auribus danda, praesertim si materia non refragetur. Confeci nempe omnium herbarum fasciculum, licet minus composite collectum, sumque adnixus, ut diversa genera lectorum per plures dicendi species tenerem, ac sicut verebar, ne quibusdam pars aliqua secundum suam cuiusque naturam minime probaretur, ita videbar posse confiBL, MS 18008, f. 5rcere, ut universitatem omnibus varietas ipsa commendaret. Nam et in ratione conviviorum, quamvis a plerisque cibis singuli temperemus, totam tamen cenam laudare omnes solemus, nec ea, quae stomachus noster recusat, adimunt gratiam illis, quibus capitur. Et ut in pictura lumen non alia res magis quam umbra commendat, ita orationem interdum summittere, quandoque attollere decet. Describuntur aliqua modo pressius, modo elatius, atque ipsa varietate rerum ac stili id efficere tentatum est, ut alia aliis, quaedam fortasse omnibus placeant. Nullum enim librum tam malum invenimus, qui non aliqua ex parte prodesse possit quibusdamque placere. Nam invenire praeclare, enuntiare magnifice interdum etiam barbari solent, disponere apte, nisi eruditis, negatum est.

Tu igitur, Praesul Dignissime et inter omnes eruditissime, cf. Plin. Ep. 1.8.3 Memini quidem te iam quaedam adnotasse, sed generaliter; ideo nunc rogo ut non tantum universitati eius attendas, verum etiam particulas qua soles lima persequaris. Erit enim et post emendationem liberum nobis vel publicare vel continere haec somnia nostra (si libet), quantum ratio exeBL, MS 18008, f. 5vgerit, reseca, nec tantum universitati attendas, verum etiam singulas particulas, qua soles, lima persequaris. Erit enim et post emendationem liberum tuo iudicio publicare vel continerecf. Plin. Ep. 1.8.3 Memini quidem te iam quaedam adnotasse, sed generaliter; ideo nunc rogo ut non tantum universitati eius attendas, verum etiam particulas qua soles lima persequaris. Erit enim et post emendationem liberum nobis vel publicare vel continere , nihilque iucundius occurret, si factum meum, cuius gratia periclitatus sum, tuo ingenio, tuo testimonio tuaque auctoritate creverit.

Vale felix et vive ad Nestor mythical king of Pylos and the eldest of the Greek commanders at Troy; his wisdom and longevity were proverbialNestorisNestor mythical king of Pylos and the eldest of the Greek commanders at Troy; his wisdom and longevity were proverbial annos.

Ghent (Gent, Gand, Gandavum), city in the Low Countries, the County of Flanders, today in BelgiumGandaviGhent (Gent, Gand, Gandavum), city in the Low Countries, the County of Flanders, today in Belgium, XII. Calendas Iulii MDXVII.

Responsio

Luigi Marliano (Alvise Marliano) (*1463 – †1521), court physician of King Philip I of Castile and of his son Emperor Charles V (CE, vol. 2, p. 392-393)Aluysius MarlianusLuigi Marliano (Alvise Marliano) (*1463 – †1521), court physician of King Philip I of Castile and of his son Emperor Charles V (CE, vol. 2, p. 392-393) episcopus Tudensis Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara (*1465 – †1530), humanist, jurist, trusted and influential advisor to Charles V; 1501 entered the service of the Habsburgs as legal counsel to Duchess Margaret of Austria, 1504 advisor and President of the Privy Council of Margaret of Austria, after the governoship of the Netherlands was entrusted to her, 1518 Grand Chancellor of Castile and later of Charles V as Roman Emperor, 1529 Cardinal of St. Giovanni a Porta Latina (after the death of his wife, Andreetta Avogadro) (DE VOCHT 1961, p. 12; CE, vol. 2, p. 76-80)Mercurino Arboriensi de GattinariaMercurino Arborio di Gattinara (*1465 – †1530), humanist, jurist, trusted and influential advisor to Charles V; 1501 entered the service of the Habsburgs as legal counsel to Duchess Margaret of Austria, 1504 advisor and President of the Privy Council of Margaret of Austria, after the governoship of the Netherlands was entrusted to her, 1518 Grand Chancellor of Castile and later of Charles V as Roman Emperor, 1529 Cardinal of St. Giovanni a Porta Latina (after the death of his wife, Andreetta Avogadro) (DE VOCHT 1961, p. 12; CE, vol. 2, p. 76-80), iuris utriusque doctori, equiti et Parliament of Duchy of Burgundy senatus BurgundiaeParliament of Duchy of Burgundy praesidi salutem plurimam dicit.

Sophocles (*ca. 497/496 BC – †406/405 BC), ancient Greek tragedy writerSophoclemSophocles (*ca. 497/496 BC – †406/405 BC), ancient Greek tragedy writer ferunt a sons of Sophocles filiissons of Sophocles accusatum, quod alienior a se videretur, quia rem familiarem minus curaret, ad iudices causae suae defensorem divinum illud opus, quo detinebatur, obtulisse. Admiratos hinc iudices Sophocles (*ca. 497/496 BC – †406/405 BC), ancient Greek tragedy writerSophoclisSophocles (*ca. 497/496 BC – †406/405 BC), ancient Greek tragedy writer BL, MS 18008, f. 6r sapientiam, sons of Sophocles filiorumsons of Sophocles stultitiam damnasse.

Inhabitants of Abdera AbderitasInhabitants of Abdera etiam sui Democritus (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDemocritiDemocritus (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek philosopher studio delirasse comperimus, dum ab Abdera, locality in Greece, Macedony and Thrace, an ancient city, a Greek colony in southern Thrace on the Aegean SeaurbeAbdera, locality in Greece, Macedony and Thrace, an ancient city, a Greek colony in southern Thrace on the Aegean Sea secessisset et a se ipso Democritus (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDemocritusDemocritus (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek philosopher neque quidquam praeter sapientiam meditaretur, advocasse Hippocrates of Kos (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek PhysicianChoum HippocratemHippocrates of Kos (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek Physician, ut pulso corporis morbo animum corpori restitueret. Accedens[2] Hippocrates of Kos (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek PhysicianHippocratesHippocrates of Kos (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek Physician, fibras animalium et avium rimantem cum comperisset et simul de anima, multa de sede animae, officiis membrorum egissent, recedens a sano Democritus (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDemocritoDemocritus (*ca. 460 BC – †ca. 370 BC), ancient Greek philosopher Inhabitants of Abdera AbderitasInhabitants of Abdera insanos putasse.

Antiqua enim inter stultos et sapientes controversia haec est.

Si qui autem nunc insaniunt et morbo illo oculorum et animi tenentur, ut contraria veris et sentiant, et iudicent, tibique dent, quod illi patiuntur, cum ad me pervenerint, aut cf. Pers. 4.16 Anticyras melior sorbere meracas; Adagia 752 Naviget Anticyras Anthiciris meracis curabo, aut in AnticyraeAntyciramAnticyrae mittamcf. Pers. 4.16 Anticyras melior sorbere meracas; Adagia 752 Naviget Anticyras , et utinam se in libro tuo tamquam in speculo virtutis et veritatis videant, quibus scriBL, MS 18008, f. 6vbis, et ea vigilantes somnient, quae tu somniasti, ne elabi tanta Dei, naturae, et fortunae munera, veluti somnia patiantur.

Vale.

Ex Bruges (Brugia, Brugge), city in the Low Countries, in the County of Flanders, in the 13th-15th centuries one of the most important commercial ports and trading centres in Europe, today in BelgiumBrugesBruges (Brugia, Brugge), city in the Low Countries, in the County of Flanders, in the 13th-15th centuries one of the most important commercial ports and trading centres in Europe, today in Belgium, die secunda Iulii MDXVII.

BL, MS 18008, f. 7r

Liber hic loquitur in rhithmo Italico per modum soneti indicantis libri substantiam.

Si licito he saper cose futurae,
Si secreti divini a alcun fian noti,
Si a prophete se crede, o a devoti,
Si per imagination de sogni, o cure,,

Si per revelation, o per scripture,
Si per voce nocturne, o spiriti ignoti,
Si per scientia infusa in ydioti,
Si per planete, segni, o stelle pure,

Si per carculation de vera scientia,
Si per viva ragion iudicio recto,
Si per speculation o experientia

Se pode aver noticia o intelecto,
De praedestinatione o praescientia
De choluy, chi ab aeterno e stato electo

Per accomplir leffecto
De vera monarchia universale,
Qua dentro trovveray il doctrinale,
Lasciando y vicii et il male

Le trompe de probably Paris one of the characters of the "Iliad", the son of PriamParysprobably Paris one of the characters of the "Iliad", the son of Priam flute et forcete
Seguendo le virtute al mondo elette
Et quel che Dio permette

Per soy comandamenti et vera lege,
Per congregar sotto un pastor suo grege.

BL, MS 18008, f. 7v

BL, MS 18008, f. 8r

Ad Divum Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of CastileCarolum Maximum Regem CatholicumCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile, Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara (*1465 – †1530), humanist, jurist, trusted and influential advisor to Charles V; 1501 entered the service of the Habsburgs as legal counsel to Duchess Margaret of Austria, 1504 advisor and President of the Privy Council of Margaret of Austria, after the governoship of the Netherlands was entrusted to her, 1518 Grand Chancellor of Castile and later of Charles V as Roman Emperor, 1529 Cardinal of St. Giovanni a Porta Latina (after the death of his wife, Andreetta Avogadro) (DE VOCHT 1961, p. 12; CE, vol. 2, p. 76-80)Mercurini Arboriensis de GattinariaMercurino Arborio di Gattinara (*1465 – †1530), humanist, jurist, trusted and influential advisor to Charles V; 1501 entered the service of the Habsburgs as legal counsel to Duchess Margaret of Austria, 1504 advisor and President of the Privy Council of Margaret of Austria, after the governoship of the Netherlands was entrusted to her, 1518 Grand Chancellor of Castile and later of Charles V as Roman Emperor, 1529 Cardinal of St. Giovanni a Porta Latina (after the death of his wife, Andreetta Avogadro) (DE VOCHT 1961, p. 12; CE, vol. 2, p. 76-80), Duchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of HabsburgBurgundiaeDuchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of Habsburg praesidis, iuris utriusque doctoris et militis oratio supplicatoria somnium interserens de novissima orbis monarchia ac futuro Christianorum triumpho, late enuntians, quibus mediis ad id perveniri possit.

The Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSequanorumThe Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribe populos inter The Celts (Celtae) CeltasThe Celts (Celtae) eos esse constat, Rex Catholice, qui nunc sub Tuae Maiestatis proprietario Dominio County of Burgundy, county by the Doubs river, between the Kingdom of France and Duchy of Lorraine , 1493-1678 dependent on the House of Habsburg, today a region of FranceBurgundiae ComitatumCounty of Burgundy, county by the Doubs river, between the Kingdom of France and Duchy of Lorraine , 1493-1678 dependent on the House of Habsburg, today a region of France incolunt, finitimos The Helvetii a Celtic (Gallic) tribe HelvetiisThe Helvetii a Celtic (Gallic) tribe , The Haedui (Aedui, Edui), a Celtic (Gallic) tribe HaeduisThe Haedui (Aedui, Edui), a Celtic (Gallic) tribe , The Lingones LingonibusThe Lingones , The Tulingi a Celtic (Gallic) tribeTulignis(!)The Tulingi a Celtic (Gallic) tribe, The Latobrigi (Latovici, Latobici), a Celtic (Gallic) tribeLatovicisThe Latobrigi (Latovici, Latobici), a Celtic (Gallic) tribe ac The Segusiavi (Segusiani), a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSebusianisThe Segusiavi (Segusiani), a Celtic (Gallic) tribe. In quibus tanta retroactis temporibus virtus, tanta animorum vis et praestantia fuisse dignoscitur, ut etiam eo tempore, quo reliquae Gaul (Gallia)GalliaeGaul (Gallia) partes omnino The Romans RomanisThe Romans parebant, The Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSequaniThe Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribe tamen his nequaquam subicerentur, immo proprium observarent regem Catamantaloedes ruler of the Sequani tribe in GaulCatamantalcedem(!)Catamantaloedes ruler of the Sequani tribe in Gaul nomine, quem Roman Senate SenatusRoman Senate PopuBL, MS 18008, f. 8vlusque Romanus (teste Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorIulio CaesareCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator in suis commentariis) amicum nominabat. Erant quippe The Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSequanorumThe Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribe populi (prout inde semper fuerunt et adhuc exstant) suapte natura bellicosi ac ad arma feroces et prompti, magna heroum nobiliumque caterva decorati, adeoque animosi et elati, ut vix alienum iugum ferre potuissent.

Horum virtus et praestantia usque adeo emicuit et floruit, ut etiam hac nostra aetate quisquis The Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSequanorumThe Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribe agrum obtineat, secundum leges ac mores patriae alteri subici nequeat, cum etiam ab ipso Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium)Sacro Romanorum ImperioHoly Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium) se totaliter exemptos contendant, adeo quod extra illius limites ad aliud tribunal se invitos trahi non patiantur, verum ibidem Parliament of Duchy of Burgundy supremum tribunalParliament of Duchy of Burgundy (quod Gallico more parlamentum vocitant) institutum dignoscitur, in quo sub ipsius supremi principis nomine lites omnes dirimuntur debitumque finem capiunt. Cuius sententiae adeo firmae stabiBL, MS 18008, f. 9rlesque censentur, ut appe written over ...... illegible...... illegibleappeappe written over ...llationis seu provocationis remedio nequaquam rescindi valeant, sicque vulgo arresta dicantur tamquam perpetuam firmitatem obtinentia, ni forsan precibus principi oblatis per errorem pronuntiatum constaret.

Vacante autem praesidali dignitate huius Parliament of Duchy of Burgundy senatus ac parlamentiParliament of Duchy of Burgundy , dum te pupillo in minoribus agente divus Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugalcaesar MaximilianusMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal Romanorum imperator semper Augustus tui et rerum tuarum tutelam ac administrationem gereret, eo nomine ultro ac proprio, ut aiunt, motu pro sua in me exuberantissima gratia tanta munificentia et liberalitate usus est, ut quod numquam vel raro sine invidia vel odio importuna etiam postulatione vix quis consequi potest, id mihi, tamen inscio neque petenti, dapsilis ipse caesar augustissimus pro sua immensa largitate contulerit meque tanti senatus praesidem decreverit ac ad ipsam praesidalem dignitatem BL, MS 18008, f. 9v erexerit, non quidem ob meum meritum, quod nullum erat aut exiguum, sed ob eius affluentissimam ac benignam gratiam pro non digno satis adhuc merito (ut liberalissimi est principis) modum superare voluit. Quo ceteros et me exemplo huiusmodi invitaret ac suo excellentissimo culmini Tuaeque Maiestati Catholicae animosiores promptioresque indies magis obsecuturos redderet.

Cumque serenissima Tuae Maiestatis amita Margaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of BurgundyMargaretaMargaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy Augusta, ipsius divi Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcaesarisMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal nunc unica existens nata, eum County of Burgundy, county by the Doubs river, between the Kingdom of France and Duchy of Lorraine , 1493-1678 dependent on the House of Habsburg, today a region of FranceBurgundiae ComitatumCounty of Burgundy, county by the Doubs river, between the Kingdom of France and Duchy of Lorraine , 1493-1678 dependent on the House of Habsburg, today a region of France pro suis iuribus maternis, ipsius dumtaxat vita comite impetrasset, me, qui inter familiares suos ac domesticos ordinarius reputabar illiusque obsequiis diutius insudaveram, in ipsa praesidali dignitate, cui nondum me immiscueram, sua sponte confirmavit meque ad ipsius praefecturae sarcinam subeundam coegit. Qui licet onus humeris meis in next linemeismeis in next line impar collatum censerem, BL, MS 18008, f. 10r annui tamen colla iugo subicere onerique iniuncto pro viribus inhaerere, refovebat enim verentes spiritus meos, quod relatum esset optimam hominum eius ditionis naturam, facilem quidem (ut fama erat) ad quietis regimen ac ad recte honesteque vivendum pronam esse.

Refovebat me praeterea id etiam, quod antecessores meos originem inde traxisse legeram, The Arborio Italian noble familyArboriensiumThe Arborio Italian noble family enim prosapiam in Vercelli (Vercellae), city and region in northern Italy, PiedmontVercellensi patriaVercelli (Vercellae), city and region in northern Italy, Piedmont plurimis adhuc castellis decoratam ex Arbois (Arbosia), town in eastern France, Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéArbosioArbois (Arbosia), town in eastern France, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté The Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSequanorumThe Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribe oppido initium duxisse tantaeque auctoritatis fuisse constat, ut eorum castra Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium)Sacro Romano ImperioHoly Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium) sine alterius superioris medio subicerentur.

Dumque Frederick II Hohenstauf (*1194 – †1250), 1220-1250 Holy Roman EmperorFredericus secundus Romanorum imperatorFrederick II Hohenstauf (*1194 – †1250), 1220-1250 Holy Roman Emperor ab Innocent III (Lotario de' Conti di Segni) (*1160 or 1161 – †1216), 1198-1216 PopeInnocentio tertio pontifice maximoInnocent III (Lotario de' Conti di Segni) (*1160 or 1161 – †1216), 1198-1216 Pope[3] anathemate notatus esset ac Roman Catholic Church Romanam vexaret ecclesiamRoman Catholic Church eaque ratione multi in Italy (Italia)ItaliaItaly (Italia) ab illius oboedientia, ut par erat, discessisent, fuerunt The Arborio Italian noble familyArboriensiumThe Arborio Italian noble family castra sine alicuius superioris recognitione diutius de facto ad instar BL, MS 18008, f. 10v allodialium possessa, eo potissime tempore, quo Vercelli (Vercellae), city and region in northern Italy, PiedmontVercellensis CivitasVercelli (Vercellae), city and region in northern Italy, Piedmont populo regebatur. Ab ipsis quoque The Arborio Italian noble familyArboriensibusThe Arborio Italian noble family, qui tunc in dicta civitate florebant, sub anno Natalis Dominici millesimo ducentesimo quadragesimo tertio, mediantibus unionibus locorum Rado, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of GattinaraRadiRado, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of Gattinara, Loceno, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of GattinaraLoceniLoceno, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of Gattinara, Locenello, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of GattinaraLocenelliLocenello, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of Gattinara et Mezzano, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of GattinaraMezaniMezzano, village in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, its territory became part of the city of Gattinara ad eosdem Arborienses spectantium, constructum ac aedificatum exstitit oppidum Gattinara, city in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, Vercelli provinceGattinariaeGattinara, city in northwestern Italy, Piedmont, Vercelli province sub eorundem Arboriensium dominio, qui adhuc hodie eius agnationis retinent nomen et nobiles Arborii de Gattinaria nuncupantur. Hique, dumtaxat anno salutis millesimo quadringentesimo quarto, urgentibus bellorum conflictibus, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium)Sacro quoque ImperioHoly Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium) Italy (Italia)ItaliaeItaly (Italia) protectionem tunc negligente, non valentes belli pondus sustinere, ut tyrannorum iugum evaderent, auxilium illustris Amadeus VIII of Savoy (Amedeo VIII di Savoia, Antipope Felix V) (*1383 – †1451), 1391–1416 Count of Savoy, 1416–1440 Duke of Savoy, 1439-1449 Antipope Felix VAmedeiAmadeus VIII of Savoy (Amedeo VIII di Savoia, Antipope Felix V) (*1383 – †1451), 1391–1416 Count of Savoy, 1416–1440 Duke of Savoy, 1439-1449 Antipope Felix V, tunc comitis Savoy (Sabaudia), duchy in the northern part of the Italian Peninsula, state of the Holy Roman Empire, today partially in Italy, partially in FranceSabaudiaeSavoy (Sabaudia), duchy in the northern part of the Italian Peninsula, state of the Holy Roman Empire, today partially in Italy, partially in France, implorarunt illiusque protectioni tamquam imperialis vicarii se submiserunt. Eius scilicet Amadeus VIII of Savoy (Amedeo VIII di Savoia, Antipope Felix V) (*1383 – †1451), 1391–1416 Count of Savoy, 1416–1440 Duke of Savoy, 1439-1449 Antipope Felix VAmedeiAmadeus VIII of Savoy (Amedeo VIII di Savoia, Antipope Felix V) (*1383 – †1451), 1391–1416 Count of Savoy, 1416–1440 Duke of Savoy, 1439-1449 Antipope Felix V, qui inde ex comite dux BL, MS 18008, f. 11r creatus exstitit primusque dux Savoy (Sabaudia), duchy in the northern part of the Italian Peninsula, state of the Holy Roman Empire, today partially in Italy, partially in FranceSabaudiaeSavoy (Sabaudia), duchy in the northern part of the Italian Peninsula, state of the Holy Roman Empire, today partially in Italy, partially in France nuncupatus ac demum ducatum ipsum in Louis of Savoy (*1413 – †1465), 1440-1465 Duke of SavoyLudovicumLouis of Savoy (*1413 – †1465), 1440-1465 Duke of Savoy filium transferens in Basiliensi Universal Council of Roman Catholic Church concilioUniversal Council of Roman Catholic Church ,[4] deposito Eugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) (*1383 – †1447), 1431-1447 PopeEugenio quartoEugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) (*1383 – †1447), 1431-1447 Pope, pontifex creatus exstitit, Felix nomine, re tamen infelix. Amadeus VIII of Savoy (Amedeo VIII di Savoia, Antipope Felix V) (*1383 – †1451), 1391–1416 Count of Savoy, 1416–1440 Duke of Savoy, 1439-1449 Antipope Felix VQuiAmadeus VIII of Savoy (Amedeo VIII di Savoia, Antipope Felix V) (*1383 – †1451), 1391–1416 Count of Savoy, 1416–1440 Duke of Savoy, 1439-1449 Antipope Felix V in Château de RipailleRipaliaChâteau de Ripaille haeremitanam vitam deligens in subditos dumtaxat suos ac intra suorum dominiorum limites pontificia dignitate usus est, Eugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) (*1383 – †1447), 1431-1447 PopeEugenioEugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) (*1383 – †1447), 1431-1447 Pope Romanae sedi inhaerente, auspiciis Philippi cognomento Boni The Burgundians BurgundionumThe Burgundians ducis, Tuae Catholicae Maiestatis abavi.

Ea autem The Arborio Italian noble familyArboriensiumThe Arborio Italian noble family iura sic bellorum anfractibus diminuta ac fere prolapsa, Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcaesarMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal ipse pro suae benignitatis amplitudine in mei personam renovavit et auxit meque ac superinscribedacac superinscribed deinceps ordine successivo proximiorem masculum ipsius agnationis, iure primogeniturae semper salvo, de his investivit. Non tamen haec dixerim iactantiae causa, cum antecessorum laudes mihi attribuendas non censeam, illud Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poetOvidiiOvid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poet imitatus: cf. Ov. Met. 13.140-141 Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi, vix ea nostra voco “et genus, et proavos, BL, MS 18008, f. 11v et quae non fecimus ipsi, vix ea nostra voco”cf. Ov. Met. 13.140-141 Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi, vix ea nostra voco , sed haec dumtaxat commemoranda censui, quia ex ipsa The Arborio Italian noble familyArboriensiumThe Arborio Italian noble family prosapia originem trahens, congratulabar et gaudebam me illuc rediisse, unde antecessores diverterant. Nam:

Repetunt suos quaeque recursus
Redituque suo singula gaudent.

Eaque ratione, ut Deo et hominibus satisfacere possem ac villicationis mihi commissae (dum id pater familias exposceret) debitam rationem redderem, innitebar omni studio, insudabam totis viribus laborabamque tota mente ac integro corde, ut his, quae tantae dignitati incumbunt, tum pro rebus publicis, tum pro privatis opportune possem written over ...... illegible...... illegiblepossempossem written over ... intendere, non parcendo vigiliis seu laboribus, verum eos conatus pro hac temporali gloria exhibendo, quos pro perpetua ac caelesti gloria fuissem exhibiturus. Quod si forte erratum fuerit (non enim dii sumus), id potius humanae fragilitati quam malignanti proposito aut cuiquam perniBL, MS 18008, f. 12rciosae seu detestandae sordi (quod abominor) ascribi vel imputari posset.

Dum autem huiusce praefecturae exercitio vix per trimestre insedissem, ab ipsa Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugalmaiestate caesareaMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal legationem Hispanam assumere iussus, in qua ultra anni spatium vacavi, etsi corpus abesset, erat tamen semper animus maiorum sedes incolere ibidemque pedem figere. Qua de re, quibusdam non vulgaribus amicis tamquam meis procuratoribus committendo mandaveram, quod si me absente castrum aliquod, quod praesidali dignitati congrueret, Dole, town in France, the capital of Franche-Comté till till late 17th centuryoppido DolanoDole, town in France, the capital of Franche-Comté till till late 17th century vicinum venale appareret, id meo nomine mercarentur pactionesque concluderent.

Emunt meo nomine castrum, quod Chevigny, the castleChivignacumChevigny, the castle appellant, uberiori adscribedriri adscribed[5] pretio, quam ab alio quovis reperiretur et ultra quam communi extimatione venumdatum fuisset, legationeque perfecta me repatriante, rata habentur omnia, perficitur contractus, numeratur pecunia et ad ipsum contractum fortiori vinculo stabiBL, MS 18008, f. 12vliendum transfertur in me ius praelationis domino feudi pertinens, transfertur et ius commissi, si quod esset. Agnati quoque, qui iure proximitatis retractum praetendebant, declarant se eo iure uti nolle. His rationibus ratus me in tuto collocatum ac ab omni futura lite exemptum, castrum ipsum (cum lintrophum(!) esset ac ad ruinam tendens) non sine magna impensa, etiam ultra sortem principalem, bona fide aedificavi, munivi et restauravi, praedia tam rustica, quam urbana in meliorem formam ad perpetuam rei utilitatem redigi feci, accitis etiam operariis The Italians ItalisThe Italians , qui novas ac meliores culturae formas commodioresque serendi ritus attulerant ac reliqua adeo industriose disposuerant, ut eorum artificio ac industria redditus et proventus annui maxime adaucti forent.

Quibus peractis circa anni finem, quo emptio huiusmodi perfecta fuerat (nescio an aemuBL, MS 18008, f. 13rlatione vel invidia, quae populis illis peculiaris attribuitur, an quia me forsan exterum censentes satagerent subtili ingenio aurum a barbaris extorquendum), insurgunt, qui ante declaraverant nolle uti iure retractus mutataque sententia dicunt se velle retrahere ac pretium offerre. Dixi his actionem non competere, me tamen rem emptam eis retrovenditurum, si principale pretium cum omnibus impensis persolverent. Renuunt oblata. Hinc orta lite et in Parliament of Duchy of Burgundy parlamentiParliament of Duchy of Burgundy curia aliquamdiu agitata, annui vana spe ductus incautusque consensi ad tollendum suspicionis scrupulum, ut lis ipsa extra provinciam (quod me invito fieri non poterat) tractaretur, consensique Grand Council of Mechelen magnum consiliumGrand Council of Mechelen Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae in Mechelen (Malines, Mechlinia), city in the Low Countries, 23 km S of Antwerp, today in BelgiumMechlinensi oppidoMechelen (Malines, Mechlinia), city in the Low Countries, 23 km S of Antwerp, today in Belgium ordinatum ad id delegari ac in locum parlamenti subrogari, ut etiam ad illius instar sub nomine Margaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of BurgundyprincipisMargaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy pronuntiare possent, nil enim nisi bene digestum BL, MS 18008, f. 13v et recte discussum ex tanti principis senatu emanaturum putavi nullamque nisi praecogitatam et maturatam sententiam inde emittendam censui, ea in his esse arbitratus, quae ad veros iudices pertinent - non solum entiam, sed scientiam simul ac conscientiam.

Verum aliter, quam sperabam, accidit speque mea frustratus exstiti. Grand Council of Mechelen HiGrand Council of Mechelen enim forma delegationis spreta, iuris ordine non servato immo penitus praetermisso, sine apto libello, sine legitima litis contestatione, sine debita causae cognitione, parte actrice ni adscribednini adscribedh written over nnhh written over nil penitus probante illiusque intentione nullo iure fundata, non admissis exceptionibus legitimis mei parte oppositis, non receptis probationibus pertinentissimis per me oblatis, non praecedente etiam peremptorio ad exhibitionem iurium fiendam sententiamque audiendam ac iudiciorum ordine totaliter perverso, sententiam tulerunt (eorum BL, MS 18008, f. 14r pace salva) ipso iure nullam, tot ac tantis vitiis involutam atque refertam, ut decem nullitatibus ex ipsis actis notorie patentibus impugnetur, decem facti erroribus in ipsius sententiae narratione expressis arguatur, septem quoque erroribus iuris in illius decisione comprehensis vitietur. Aiunt, ut sentio, quod spreto iuris rigore aequitatem sint amplexi, qui potius iniquitatem pro aequitate sumpserunt aequumque asserunt, quod iura nostra iniquum testantur. Quod enim in eorum cervicibus fantasia dictavit, aequitatem dicunt, quae nullo iure probatur, rem quidem satis perniciosam, si id permissum foret. Aequitas enim iuris scripta, iure merito rigori iuris praefertur, cum utrumque a lege proveniat sitque benignior pars amplectenda, nequaquam tamen aequitas in iure non scripta attendi debet, quam si quispiam iuri scripto praeferre tentaverit, iniquitatis vinculum amplecti videtur, prout iuris est notissimi.

Ut igitur BL, MS 18008, f. 14v iuris remediis adversus tam notoriam iniustitiam tueri possem (cum hi iudices, tamquam delegati eorum officio omnino functi censerentur ac etiam ex supervenientibus causis suspecti forent liciteque recusarentur, ut sic omnis cognitio ad ipsam Margaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of BurgundyprincipemMargaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy delegantem devoluta foret, ad quam etiam iure ordinario, via supplicationis ac querelae recurri poterat), precibus eidem principi oblatis et huiusmodi causis nullitatis, erroris ac notoriae iniustitiae propositis et cumulatis, dum de iudicibus ad hanc cognitionem decernendis tractaretur, mihi certe contigit, ut navigantibus in Strait of Messina (Fretum Siculum)freto SiculoStrait of Messina (Fretum Siculum), qui dum Scylla mythological monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite Charybdis, and devoured sailorsScyllamScylla mythological monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite Charybdis, and devoured sailors vitare cupiunt, in Charybdis (Kharybdis), mythological sea monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite ScyllaCarybdimCharybdis (Kharybdis), mythological sea monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite Scylla vi tempestatum et procellis deferuntur. Nam accitis nonnullis ex privatis Tuae Catholicae Maiestatis consiliariis, qui tamquam eiusdem Grand Council of Mechelen collegiiGrand Council of Mechelen eiusdemque corporis membra, honorem priorum iudicum conservare satagebant (etsi neutra partium id exposceret), decernitur huiusmodi cognitionem ad priores BL, MS 18008, f. 15r iudices remittendam, ut ipsimet de eorum erroribus cognoscerent, eo tamen adiecto temperamento, ut mihi liceret causas suspicionis in eos particulariter proponere, et his, qui iuridice recusarentur, sublatis, meis sumptibus adderentur alii, non suspecti, aequalis seu maioris numeri. Interim autem sententia illa non obstantibus erroribus ac notoriis nullitatibus in eam adductis exsecutioni mandaretur. Quod etsi durum videretur et praeter iuris regulas excogitatum, sentiens tamen me alio remedio suffultum, tuli id patienter et, ut decreto parerem, adduxi suspicionis causas, particulares adversus priores iudices, persistens, ut ex illis causis, quae legitimae censebantur (iuramento in forma iuris super his praestito), decerneretur illos censeri iuridice recusatos, cum secundum leges caesareas alia probatio exigi non deberet in foroque civili res ageretur, decernitur tamen eas suspicionis causas, prius quam aliter BL, MS 18008, f. 15v provideatur, fore probandas mihique probandi terminus ad trimestre praefigitur. Hanc etiam iniustitiam sub dissimulatione pertransiens insteti, ut decernerentur commissarii, qui intra tempus praefixum probationes meas reciperent. Quod tamen obtinere nequivi, sed, quod deterius est, datur interim exsecutor, unus ex illis consiliariis particulariter recusatis, cui etiam, cum ms. qum(!) cumcum ms. qum(!) sententia ipsa incerta foret et non liquida huius liquidationis cognitio, conceditur, ut sic mixtus exsecutor, non merus censeretur. Decernitur tamen, ut suspicione non obstante omnique exceptione et appellatione remota exsequi debeat.

Is magis atque magis se suspectum demonstrans nec commissionis formam observat, nec adiunctum iuxta illius dispositionem admittit, nec liquidationes ad sententiae declarationem necessarias recipit, nec patitur scribam, qui acta et gesta recipiat ac in formam publicam redigat. Vult ipsemet BL, MS 18008, f. 16r esse iudex et tabellio duplicique officio fungi, nec acta vult partibus edere nec subscribere, verba ac sententiam mutat, dum sibi videtur, prohibet tabellionibus, qui publici servi censentur, ne scribant protestationes seu appellationes, quae adversus eius gesta emittuntur, prohibet et testibus, ne instrumentorum testes existant neve testimonium ferant, hisque graves poenas comminatur ac modum multarum excedit. Iubet etiam appellationum gravamina ad manus suas reponi ac alia multa satis insolentia a rectoque iuris tramite aliena dietim attentat.

Me quoque Chevigny, the castlecastrumChevigny, the castle relaxare iubet, non solutis etiam his, quae ex forma sententiae solvi debent, verum solutionis loco cautionem admittit ac procuratorem meum mandatum habentem ad id specificum offerentem se exsecutoris iussu paratum recipere pecuniam antea consignatam, salvo iure residui (suaemet ordinationi contraveniens), BL, MS 18008, f. 16v non admittit, sed tamquam recusantem reicit nec patitur huic pecunias tradi, prout ipsemet decreverat. Sicque exsequendo re ac pretio me privare satagit contra iudicati formam, rem quippe inauditam ac ab omni aequitate et iustitia alienam.

Sed heu, res magis horrenda atque nefanda: dum appellationes legitimas supplicationesque et querelas ad ipsam Margaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of BurgundyprincipemMargaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy delegantem devolutas adversus tot iniustitias prosequor, contendunt etiam dictum Grand Council of Mechelen Mechlinense consiliumGrand Council of Mechelen de his debere cognoscere nec iudices (ut deceret) suspicione carentes obtinere valeo, ut sic defensionis facultas (quae a natura insita est) submoveri videatur.

Serenissima enim Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae Margaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of BurgundyamitaMargaret of Austria (*1480 – †1530), 1501-1504 Duchess of Savoy, 1507-1515 and 1519-1530 Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy (prout mulierum mos est) suapte natura timida aliisque peritis consultoribus, qui rei veritatem detegant, nequaquam fulta, ignorans, quid in ea re pro iustitia agendum foret, ac, ut censeo, dubitans tuorum consiliariorum honorem (si ad BL, MS 18008, f. 17r alios recurrat) laedere remque Tuae Maiestati molestam aggredi, negotium in suspenso retinet, interimque ius servuli respuit et reicit, vel potius opprimi ac perimi patitur, prout haec clarius et apertius ex iurium allegationibus super his ample compositis videre licebit, quae plurium universitatum auctoritate plurimorumque excellentium doctorum testimonio roborantur. Ex quibus, si per iurisperitos non suspectos visitentur Tuaeque Maiestati Catholicae fideliter referantur, non ambigo, abhorrebit admirabunturque omnes iustitiam colentes, quod talis iniustitia a supremis Tuae Maiestatis iudicibus prodierit. Non tamen haec illorum imperitiae, non ignaviae nec sordibus, quibus tanti senatus dignitas laedi posset, ullatenus[6] ascribenda, sed potius humanae fragilitati attribuenda censebam. Cum enim quandoque bonus dormitet Homer aoidos, in the classical tradition the author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey"; the greatest ancient Greek epic poetHomerusHomer aoidos, in the classical tradition the author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey"; the greatest ancient Greek epic poet sitque humanum errare, angelicum emendare, diabolicum perseBL, MS 18008, f. 17vverare nec novum videretur, immo indies usitatum, adversus tuorum consiliariorum sententias supplicare, querelas adducere erroresque proponere. Cum etiam ipsum Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorlegislatoremJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor non pudeat errores suos corrigere, arbitrabar hanc per me petitam revisionem errorumque propositionem non aegre ferendam, sed ipsam angelicam emendationem aequo animo admittendam. Verum quidem me latet, quid latentis energiae res mea prae se ferat. Abhorrent Tuae Maiestatis consiliarii hanc meam prosecutionem, impediunt totis viribus, ne acta eorum manus exeant neve eorum gesta in lucem prodeant. Saucii videntur, incalescunt, variis loquuntur linguis et, ut audio, ex his quidam ad convicia prosiliunt. Latet tamen, cur in me tam acriter, plus quam in ceteros, saeviant, qui nusquam ullam a me contumeliam suscepere, ni forsan iniuriam putent me acerbe nimium de illorum iniustitia ac erroribus questum esse, quod pro BL, MS 18008, f. 18r iusta defensione, quam ipsa natura introduxit, actum censetur. Quo fit, ut ex his propriam eorum litem fecisse dignoscantur nec immerito ad maiorem suspicionis causam edocendam in iudicium mei parte sint vocandi, ut damna eorum culpa illata resarciant, a quibus etiam ex imperitia seu ignorantia excusari non possent.

Sed abyssus abyssum invocat et nescio qua sorte undique adversus me insurgunt prosecutiones profluuntque invidiae ac emergunt aemulationes. Cum enim ad repellendas machinationes quasdam seu conspirationes in honoris ac famae sugillationem apud ipsos The Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribeSequanosThe Sequani a Celtic (Gallic) tribe contra me fabricatas, ut veritas in lucem deduceretur hisque lux veritatis assisteret ac meus conservaretur honor, quem Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyphilosophusAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy maximum exteriorum bonorum esse affirmat, animadvertens, quod iuxta illam canonizatam Augustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo RegiusAugustiniAugustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo Regius sententiam, qui non diligit honorem suum, fur est ipsius et homicida, et qui negligit famam suam, cruBL, MS 18008, f. 18vdelis est malen superinscribednn superinscribedsque[7] consilio Paul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the ApostlesPauliPaul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the Apostles ad Citizens of Corinth CorinthiosCitizens of Corinth magis mori, quam ut honorem meum et gloriam quis evacuaret. Taliter omni timore posthabito prosecutus fuerim, quod favente eo, a quo cuncta recta consilia, cuncta quoque iusta sunt opera, et qui est lux mundi, via, veritas et vita, tandem veritas ipsa ita in lucem prodierit, ut quod mihi impingebatur, in ipsorum machinantium caput reflexum fuerit. Insurgunt hinc iurgia, insurgunt tumultus et cum, teste Cassiodorus (*ca. 485 – †ca. 585)CassiodoroCassiodorus (*ca. 485 – †ca. 585), iustitiam minus diligant, qui frequenter proelia tractaverunt, aegreferentes iustitiae gladium, quo indifferenter usus fueram, satagentes iugum excutere, clamant, conqueruntur, alium exposcunt praesidem. Fit me absente inquisitio generalis, si quispiam iustam querelae causam habeat, si cuipiam iniuria seu iniustitia sit illata, si quovis corruptionis munere infectus fuerim aut si quid aliud a dignitate praesidali alienum attentaverim, coguntur aemuli, BL, MS 18008, f. 19r coguntur inquisitores profiteri. Nihil omnino ex tali inquisitione compertum, quod honorem meum sugillaret[8], neminem de iniustitia conquestum nec quempiam adinventum, qui contra me quamvis querelam exponeret, quod igitur iure non poterant, vi attentare satagunt. Ad arma prosiliunt, sed et his obsistitur opportunaque adhibetur medela.

At cum omnes eorum conatus inanes fuerint, sola nunc superest lingua, sola maledicentia, qua famam meam et gloriam denigrare satagunt, praedicant enim in coronis, in plateis, in comme(n)ssationibus(!) ac etiam ad praesentiam Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae deferunt me nobilitatem prosequi ac ad illius enervationem tendere, meque nobility of Burgundian Netherlands Burgundis nobilibusnobility of Burgundian Netherlands odio esse. Quod si constaret me in tantam caecitatem incidisse eoque vitio notatum censeri, tamquam peccans contra ipsius nobility of Burgundian Netherlands nobilitatisnobility of Burgundian Netherlands naturam gravi punitione dignus forem. Sed quippe, ut delatorum mos est, fallaciis utuntur confictisque sermonibus, a quibus si singillatim BL, MS 18008, f. 19v causam rationemque dicendi exquisiveris, confundetur omne eorum dictum patebitque nullam iustam maledicendi causam subesse. Nobilitas enim, quae in ipsa virtute consistit, quae vitia abhorret, quae veros nobilitatis actus insequitur, mihi semper accepta fuit. Hanc dilexi, hanc fovi, hanc protexi et ab his, qui tali nobilitate sunt praediti, me amari non ambigo. Eos autem, qui vitiis dediti intemperantiae, iniustitiae et impietati ac nequitiae se addixerint, non inter nobiles annumerandos censeo, cum proprium nobilitatis sit recta sequi, gaudere officio, cupiditatibus imperare, avaritiam coercere et, quemadmodum splendor in obscura speculi parte nusquam apparet, ita neque gloria maiorum in minoribus flagitiosis elucescere potest. Quodsi tales, iustitiam forsan abhorrentes aut poenas scelerum formidantes, me odio seu timore prosequantur, id potius mihi honori seu gloriae cederet eorumque culpae ascribendum foret. Ego taBL, MS 18008, f. 20rmen, ut cf. Varro, Antiquitates, 7.1 M. Fulvius Nobilior, cum M. Aemilio Lepido censor factus, cum ei admodum inimicus antea exstitisset, saepeque iudicia cum eo ipsi fuissent, a re publica aliena existimans odia, quae in privata vita exercuerat, eo delato munere homini inimicitias statim remisit. Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) (*ca. 230 BC – †152 BC)M. LepidusLepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) (*ca. 230 BC – †152 BC), quo die censor factus est, cum Marcus Fulvius Nobilior M. FulvioMarcus Fulvius Nobilior collega homine inimicissimo statim rediit in gratiam et nil aliud, quam publicum commodum spectans, simultates inimicitiasque deposuit.cf. Varro, Antiquitates, 7.1 M. Fulvius Nobilior, cum M. Aemilio Lepido censor factus, cum ei admodum inimicus antea exstitisset, saepeque iudicia cum eo ipsi fuissent, a re publica aliena existimans odia, quae in privata vita exercuerat, eo delato munere homini inimicitias statim remisit. Sic Deo teste me egisse profiteor nec umquam genus aliquod vindictae excogitasse, nec quidem homines odisse, sed vitia dumtaxat abhorruisse ac in his corrigendis plus clementiae quam severitatis praestitisse. Quod forsan quibusdam maius incentivum delinquendi praestitisse dignoscitur.

At cf. Juv. 1.5-6 Telephus aut summi plena iam margine libri / scriptus et in tergo necdum finitus Orestes? nondum finitus Orestes (Ὀρέστης), in Greek mythology the son of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae (or Argos), and his wife, ClytemnestraHorestesOrestes (Ὀρέστης), in Greek mythology the son of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae (or Argos), and his wife, Clytemnestracf. Juv. 1.5-6 Telephus aut summi plena iam margine libri / scriptus et in tergo necdum finitus Orestes? – mala malis adduntur, infortunia infortuniis dietim cumulantur. Dum enim pro negotiis Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae iussu Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugalcaesaris aviMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, qui tunc, ut dictum est, tutelam gerebat, variae mihi legationes iniunctae fuerint, quarum praecipua fuit legatio Hispana, in qua ultra anni spatium vacare coactus, non recepto obolo ex aerario Tuae Maiestatis, sumptibus propriis militando, ut sic pro ipsius legationis viatico egregia mihi pecuniarum summa deberetur essentque cyrographi expediti delegationem BL, MS 18008, f. 20v solutionis continentes, ac pariter pro legatione Gallica, quam post tutelam finitam, Tuae Catholicae Maiestatis mandato cum ceteris ad Parisiense foedus deputatis assumpsi, fuisset solutionis cyrographum expeditum, quaestores tamen publici proventus, quos vulgo finançiarios appellant, aerarii tui dispensationem obtinentes, huiusmodi cyrographorum robur et effectum tollunt, assignationes rumpunt, solutiones impediunt ac laborum meorum mercedes retinent, et non solum quod caesarea auctoritate in vim tutelae utiliter gestum erat, sed nec etiam quod Tua Regia Maiestate sui iuris effecta decretum exstitit, robur obtinere patiuntur, adeo quod pro obsequiis Tuae Maiestati Catholicae impensis iuxta ipsorum quaestorum taxationem ad quattuor milium et fere trecentorum florenorum summam mihi deberi liquidissime constet, cuius maior pars iam quinquennalibus indutiis dilata exstitit – dura quidem res et profecto aegreferenda a me potissime, qui singula mihi commissa, qua decebat BL, MS 18008, f. 21r diligentia ac fide exsecutus sum, mandatorum fines nequaquam excedendo, qui etiam antea nullo obligationis vinculo obsequiis Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae astringebar, qui nulla alia stipendia ex tuo aerario capiebam, qui adeo liberaliter ac fideliter in rebus mihi commissis insudavi, ut etiam hi, qui subiectionis vinculo Tuae Maiestati sunt obnoxii, qui etiam tuis stipendiis militant praecipuamque Tuae Serenitatis gratiam obtinent, nequaquam melius negotiati fuissent nec fidelius vixque sustulissent, quae ego ipse sustinere coactus sum.

Animadvertens igitur, Rex Catholice, tot errores, tot nullitates, tot iniustitias, tot voluntaria gesta in mei odium machinata conspiciensque in caput meum, ut aiunt, fabam cudi, admirabar haec omnia, angebar his vexationibus, cruciabatur animus meus ac mirum in modum turbabatur, verum aliquantisper spiritum refovit, dolorem lenivit anxietatemque submovit aurea illa Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poetOvidiiOvid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poet sententia oculis meis ab eventu oblata, quae illum me ita scripto alloquenBL, MS 18008, f. 21vtem ostendit:

cf. Ov. Met. 15.493-495 Nec enim fortuna querenda / sola tua est, similes aliorum respice casus, / mitius ista feres Nec enim fortuna querenda
Sola tua est, similes aliorum respice casus,
Mitius ista feres.
cf. Ov. Met. 15.493-495 Nec enim fortuna querenda / sola tua est, similes aliorum respice casus, / mitius ista feres

Conspicatus enim communem ubique gentium calamitatem, divini cultus negligentiam, religionis despectionem, fidei exstinctionem, spei defectum, caritatis refrigerationem, fortitudinis debilitatem, iustitiae tergiversationem, temperantiae dimensionem, continentiae abiectionem, morum corruptelam, virtutum desertionem, bonarum artium abominationem, vitiorum exuberantiam ac malorum omnium aggregationem tantamque rerum mutationem, ut bonum in malum, verum in falsum, forte in debile ac iustum in iniustum sit mutatum, ut iam videamus ignavos et rudes ubique terrarum in pretio esse ac prope nihil hominis praeter materiam in se habentes in curiis regum ac principum versari, honoribus ac dignitatibus praefici, bonos vero, prudentes, doctos, eruditos ac rerum humanarum non ignaros tamquam mancos et inutiles omitti BL, MS 18008, f. 22r ac excludi, ni forsan per accidens (ut aiunt philosophi) secus contingat et aliter fors inclinet, admiratus etiam quorundam hominum rabiem, qui livore, malevolentia, dolo, fraude, malitia vique postremo (quando hoc occulte moliri seu conari non licet) spargunt invidentiae suae opacas umbras, conceptam rubiginem circumquaque fundunt, quo suavissimas herbas et feraces plantas occupent atque enecent, ne si exspectatos odores et suavissimos fructus aliquando ediderint, ipsi tamquam infructuosae et infelices arbores excidantur, at tandem considerans tot seditiones, tot malignas conspirationes, tot prohibitas coniurationes, tot periuria, adulteria, stupra, furta, rapinas, tot urbium ruinas, depopulationes, incendia, eversiones, tot bellorum tumultus, caedes ac strages hominum, ut iam ubique cf. Vulg. Lc 21:10 tunc dicebat illis surget gens contra gentem et regnum adversus regnum gens contra gentem et regnum contra regnum insurgatcf. Vulg. Lc 21:10 tunc dicebat illis surget gens contra gentem et regnum adversus regnum , iuxta Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentSalvatorisJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament sententiam. Tantorum quippe malorum animadversione omnis rei privatae BL, MS 18008, f. 22v cogitatio submovetur omnesque cogitationum conatus circa ea, quae ad rempublicam pertinent, transfunduntur. In his animi vis laborat, in his omnis spiritus insudat, eorum quoque malorum causas exquirit horumque radices diligenti investigatione perscrutatur ac in notitiam deduci procurat.

Dum autem in his diutius vagatus minimeque voti compos effectus essem, ingenii mei imbecillitatem conspiciens, putans id opus non sine divino auxilio expleri posse, satagerem huiusmodi cogitationum curas abicere, laxata membra sopor invasit, fatigatum spiritum somnus religavit omnesque corporis sensus cohibuit ac, quasi letargum influens, commune illusarium mentium morbum, quicquid antea in mentem venerat, oblivioni tradidit.

Attulit is somnus velut exclamantis vocem auribus meis, in haec verba acriter insonantem: “Quam quaeris malorum causam, tibi principatuum pluralitas praebet”. Hac voce perterritus, excitatus ab ipsoque somno liberatus, satagebam loquentem hominem coram videre verborumque sen[9]BL, MS 18008, f. 23rtentiam apertius inquirere. Sed heu, nullus adest, nullus apparet, nullus mihi loquenti respondet! Obstupui. Admiratus sum, unde vox illa prodierit, nunc fantasma putabam, nunc somnii illusionem, nunc aerei spiritus vocem auribus meis infusam censebam, sed tandem undecumque vox ipsa processerit, pensitabam, quod etsi somnia plures fallunt nec de his habenda sit cura, plerumque tamen veritatem afferunt ipsaque veritatis luce suffulta comperiuntur.

Haec ratio, Rex Catholice, edicto causam praebuit contulitque investigandi occasionem, quidnam eorum verborum sententia prae se ferre posset quibusque mediis huiusmodi principatuum pluralitas malorum causam praestaret.

Hinc occasione sumpta oblata est ipsius Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyphilosophorum principisAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy sententia, qui dum principatuum pluralitatem impugnat ac malam asserit, huic tandem morbo antidotum praebens unus, inquit, cf. Arist. Met. 12.1076a oportet, sit princeps ad res omnes bene disponendascf. Arist. Met. 12.1076a . Nam et in apibus unus est rex et BL, MS 18008, f. 23v grues unam sequuntur ordine litterato, Rome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the Tiber river, seat of the Holy SeeRomaRome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the Tiber river, seat of the Holy Seeque condita duos fratres simul reges habere non potuit, sed Romulus RomulusRomulus Remus RemumRemus interemit. cf. Vulg. Gn 25:21-26 In Rebecca (Rebekah), biblical figure, mother of Jacob and EsauRebeccaeRebecca (Rebekah), biblical figure, mother of Jacob and Esau quoque utero Esau EsauEsau et Jacob IacobJacob bella gessere, cum uterque ad primogenituram tenderet.cf. Vulg. Gn 25:21-26 cf. Vulg. Is 14:12-15 quomodo cecidisti de caelo lucifer qui mane oriebaris corruisti in terram qui vulnerabas gentes qui dicebas in corde tuo in caelum conscendam super astra Dei exaltabo solium meum sedebo in monte testamenti in lateribus aquilonis ascendam super altitudinem nubium ero similis Altissimo verumtamen ad infernum detraheris in profundum laci At Lucifer according to Christian tradition one of the names of SatanLuciferLucifer according to Christian tradition one of the names of Satan, dum sedem suam ab Aquilon (Aquilo), ancient deity of the northern windAquiloneAquilon (Aquilo), ancient deity of the northern wind figendam putaret, ut similis esset altissimocf. Vulg. Is 14:12-15 quomodo cecidisti de caelo lucifer qui mane oriebaris corruisti in terram qui vulnerabas gentes qui dicebas in corde tuo in caelum conscendam super astra Dei exaltabo solium meum sedebo in monte testamenti in lateribus aquilonis ascendam super altitudinem nubium ero similis Altissimo verumtamen ad infernum detraheris in profundum laci , ab ipso caelesti solio cum omni sua sequela eicitur ac in profundum abyssum demergitur. Sed nec divina essentia in trinitate consisteret, nisi et in ea unitas adesset, et ipsa trinitas in unitate transiret, quae unum Deum et non plures secundum catholicam fidem nos credere ac profiteri compelleret.

Non enim ipsum summum bonum membris constare posset, cum partibus plerumque magna insit discrepantia tantaque oriatur contentio, ut totum corrumpi necesse sit. Et quicquid partibus constat, nequaquam integrum dici potest, partium enim corruptione et interitu disBL, MS 18008, f. 24rsolvatur, oportet, ut in corporibus animantium cernere licet, quae animae ac individui iunctione unum, quamdiu possunt, esse nituntur, ubi vero mors intervenerit, seiunctione partium statim dilabuntur et intereunt. Conantur illa quidem naturali desiderio subsistere et, quoad fieri potest, eius naturam imitari, unde originem habuere, nimirum id, quod est, cernentia verum ac perfectum bonum dici nullo modo posse, quod non constans, unum, integrum, simplex sincerumque sit, omne siquidem, quodcumque tamdiu integrum ac perfectum remanere censentes, quamdiu est unum.

Ex cuius unitatis necessitudine pluralitatem principatuum omnino abhorrendam ipsamque monarchiam naturali ratione in orbe terrarum necessariam fore fatendum est, ut scilicet ad res omnes in hoc terrestri globo recte disponendas unus necessarius sit monarcha, unus supremus princeps, unus rex regum et dominus dominanBL, MS 18008, f. 24vtium, cuius nutui reliqui pareant, obtemperent et obsequantur, quem unum tamquam monarcham cuncti revereantur, venerentur, observent et colant, sine quo nec vera iustitia, nec integra pax in universo terrarum orbe reperiri posset. Verum sine monarcha, sine principe supremo, qui summos cum infimis pari iure retineat, premitur inops multitudo, oriuntur iurgia, nascuntur lites, exercentur bella, validior imbecilliorem opprimit tuncque iustitia terga vertit ac eos deserit, quos tueri deberet, adeo quod iustitia sublata submovetur et pax, quae ex ipsa iustitia procedit, cum teste psalmista duae sint sorores: cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 84:11 misericordia et veritas obviaverunt sibi / iustitia et pax osculatae sunt iustitia et pax, quae se invicem deosculanturcf. Vulg. Ps (G) 84:11 misericordia et veritas obviaverunt sibi / iustitia et pax osculatae sunt et adeo concatenantur, ut una sine altera esse non possit. Hae igitur duae, iustitia et pax, quibus mala omnia submoveri possent, non nisi per ipsam monarchiam universaliter obtinendae sunt.

Hanc autem non solum naturali ratione appetendam, sed BL, MS 18008, f. 25r caelitus ab ipso Altitonante emittendam censemus, quam non humanitus, sed divinitus institutam approbatamque esse constat. Dum enim omnipotens humani generis Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentRedemptor ac SalvatorJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament pro universali salute divinitatem cum humanitate conseruit ac ex Virgin Mary mother of Jesus of NazarethvirginisVirgin Mary mother of Jesus of Nazareth utero humanam carnem assumpsit, id sub florente monarcha Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorOctaviano Caesare AugustoAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor expleverit eiusque gloriosissimum adventum in id tempus reservaverit, quo universalis pax in ipso terrarum orbe vigebat, cf. Vulg. Lc 2:1 factum est autem in diebus illis exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut describeretur universis orbis eoque tempore, quo exivit edictum ab ipso Caesare Augusto, ut describeretur universus orbis et omnium hominum capita censu notarenturcf. Vulg. Lc 2:1 factum est autem in diebus illis exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut describeretur universis orbis , ipsamque orbis monarchiam idem Salvator nedum saluberrimo ortu suo, sed etiam vivens ac moriens verbis expressis approbavit et confirmavit, dum The Jews IudaeisThe Jews interrogantibus, an liceret censum dari caesari, respondit: cf. Vulg. Mt 22:21; Vulg. Mc 12:17; Vulg. Lc 20:25 “Reddite, quae sunt caesaris, caesari, et quae sunt Dei, Deo”cf. Vulg. Mt 22:21; Vulg. Mc 12:17; Vulg. Lc 20:25 , ipsumque imperium a BL, MS 18008, f. 25v solo Deo esse testantur canones et decreta pontificum.

Quod etsi postea divino iudicio ad flagellandas ac puniendas haereses et ut implerentur scripturae ac verificari posset divina illa revelatio ei discipulo facta, qui super pectus Domini in cena recubuit et cui revelata sunt secreta caelestia, de quibus in sua sancta Apocalypsi post septem sigilla, quae interpretantur septem persecutiones martyrum usque ad tempus Constantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman EmperorConstantiniConstantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman Emperor, postque septem tubas, quae interpretantur septem magnae haereses post Constantinum, quarum ultima fuit haeresis Muhammad (*ca. 570 – †632), founder of the religion of IslamMahumetiMuhammad (*ca. 570 – †632), founder of the religion of Islam, supervenerint septem phialae irae Dei, quae interpretantur septem ultimae plagae ecclesiae Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament inferendae et quae secundum magis communem doctorum sententiam iam illatae censentur ab ipsa bestia, id est The Muslims (Sarraceni) secta MahumeticaThe Muslims (Sarraceni) , quarum ultima fuit plaga illata Europe (Europa), the continentEuropaeEurope (Europa), the continent in occupatione Bisantine Empire (Imperium Constantinopolitanum)Imperii ConstantinopolitaniBisantine Empire (Imperium Constantinopolitanum)[10].

Cum tamen et sigillorum, et tuBL, MS 18008, f. 26rbarum, et phialarum expleta sint mysteria, et quemadmodum praedixit Paul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the ApostlesPaulusPaul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the Apostles, iam diu venerit discessio ab oboedientia Roman EmpireRomani ImperiiRoman Empire et Roman Catholic Church Romanae ecclesiaeRoman Catholic Church , cum tota Africa, the continentAphricaAfrica, the continent, tota Asia, the continentAsiaAsia, the continent et universa Europe (Europa), the continentEuropaeEurope (Europa), the continent regna, dempta Germany (Germania, Niemcy)GermaniaGermany (Germania, Niemcy) et parte Italy (Italia)ItaliaeItaly (Italia) ab ipsa oboedientia Romani imperatoris discesserint, ac pariter quattuor illi antea instituti patriarchatus, quibus ecclesia Dei erat sustentanda et velut per quadrigam universaliter vehenda, qui etiam tamquam quattuor remiges ad iuvandam praeservandamque Saint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first PopePetriSaint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first Pope naviculam fuerant ordinati, scilicet Hierosolymitanus, Ephesinus, Antiochenus et Alexandrinus, omnes ab oboedientia Holy See (Sedes Apostolica) Apostolicae SedisHoly See (Sedes Apostolica) se subtraxerint et iam octingentis annis decursis apparuerit et revelatus fuerit homo peccati, filius perditionis, id est pseudopropheta Muhammad (*ca. 570 – †632), founder of the religion of IslamMahumetusMuhammad (*ca. 570 – †632), founder of the religion of Islam, qui per se et bestiam eius The Muslims (Sarraceni) sectamThe Muslims (Sarraceni) iuxta scripta Daniel biblical figureDanielisDaniel biblical figure iam cf. Vulg. Dn 7:24 et tradentur in manu eius usque ad tempus et tempora et dimidium temporis; Vulg. Dn 12:7 quia in tempus temporum et dimidium temporis regnavit et adhuc regnat per temBL, MS 18008, f. 26vpus et tempora ac dimidium temporiscf. Vulg. Dn 7:24 et tradentur in manu eius usque ad tempus et tempora et dimidium temporis; Vulg. Dn 12:7 quia in tempus temporum et dimidium temporis , exponendo tempus pro temporali regno Aphricae, quod primo ipse Mahumetus et bestia eius secta invasit, et tempora pro temporalibus regnis Asiae, ita in plurali dictum, quod Asia sit duplex, ad Aphricam et Europam protendens, sitque Asia Minor (Anatolia)Asia MinorAsia Minor (Anatolia) et Asia Maior, quae regna Asiae illa bestia secta Mahumetica secundo loco occupavit, et dimidium temporis, hoc est dimidium temporalis regni Europae usurpato per The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) TurcosThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) Byzantine EmpireImperio ConstantinopolitanoByzantine Empire et reservato Roman EmpireRomano seu Latino ImperioRoman Empire in fide Agni perseverante.

Et secundum librum Apocalypsis, quem litterales doctores et expositores intelligunt ad litteram de quadruplici temporali statu Roman Catholic Church ecclesiaeRoman Catholic Church a tempore John the Evangelist Sancti IoannisJohn the Evangelist usque ad finem mundi, iam praeterisse dignoscantur tres status ipsius ecclesiae sub dictis septem sigillis, septem tubis ac septem phialis restetque solum, ut impleatur quartus et ultimus status ipsius ecclesiae BL, MS 18008, f. 27r sub damnatione meretricis magnae Sarracenicae in triumpho universali Christianae gentis.

Ex his tamen non immerito restaurandum est imperium estque necessario erigenda ipsa novissima Christianorum monarchia, ut tot malis finis imponatur, ut iustitia, quae ad superos evolavit, in terris redeat in ipsoque terrarum orbe vera pax valeat obtineri. Cum enim quinque monarchias divinitus ordinatas legamus, quarum prima fuit The Assyrians Assyriorum seu ChaldeorumThe Assyrians , secunda inhabitants of Persia Persaruminhabitants of Persia et The Medes MedorumThe Medes [11], tertia The Greeks GraecorumThe Greeks , quarta The Romans RomanorumThe Romans , superest nunc, ut ad quintam et ultimam deveniamus, ceteris feliciorem, quae Christianorum vocabitur iuxta illud Daniel biblical figureDanielisDaniel biblical figure, dum de statu Roman Catholic Church ecclesiaeRoman Catholic Church temporalis militantis loquens inquit: cf. Vulg. Dn 7:27 “Regnum autem et potestas, et magnitudo regni, quae est subter omne caelum, detur populo sanctorum Altissimi, cuius regnum sempiternum est et omnes reges servient ei et BL, MS 18008, f. 27v oboedient.”cf. Vulg. Dn 7:27 Cui astipulatur sententia psalmistae, dum ait:

cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 21:28-29 “Reminiscentur et convertentur ad Dominum universi fines terrae, et adorabunt in conspectu eius universae familiae gentium, quoniam Domini est regnum, et ipse dominabitur gentium”.cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 21:28-29 cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 21:32 adnuntiabitur Domino generatio ventura et adnuntiabunt iustitiam eius populo qui nascetur quem fecit Dominus “Annuntiabitur Domino generatio ventura et annuntiabunt caeli iustitiam eius populo, qui nascetur, quem fecit Dominus”.cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 21:32 adnuntiabitur Domino generatio ventura et adnuntiabunt iustitiam eius populo qui nascetur quem fecit Dominus

De hac etiam novissima Christianorum monarchia ait Zechariah biblical figure, father of John the BaptistZachariasZechariah biblical figure, father of John the Baptist: cf. Vulg. Za 14:9 et erit Dominus rex super omnem terram in die illa erit Dominus unus et erit nomen eius unum “In illa die erit Dominus unus et erit nomen eius unum”.cf. Vulg. Za 14:9 et erit Dominus rex super omnem terram in die illa erit Dominus unus et erit nomen eius unum Et subdit: cf. Vulg. Za 14:12 “Et haec erit plaga, qua percutiet Dominus omnes gentes, quae pugnaverunt adversus Jerusalem (Hierosolyma), city in ancient Palestine, Judean Mountains, 1517-1917 under the rule of Ottoman Empire, today the capital of IsraelHierusalemJerusalem (Hierosolyma), city in ancient Palestine, Judean Mountains, 1517-1917 under the rule of Ottoman Empire, today the capital of Israel”.cf. Vulg. Za 14:12

Quam etiam futuram monarchiam praedixit idem Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentSalvatorJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, inquiens: cf. Vulg. Io 10:16 “Fiet unum ovile et unus pastor”.cf. Vulg. Io 10:16

At si attendamus ad litteralem expositionem Viterbiensem, id apertius colligitur Apocalypsis decimo nono capitulo, ibi cf. Vulg. Apc 19:11 et vidi caelum apertum et ecce equus albus et qui sedebat super eum vocabatur fidelis et verax vocatur et iustitia iudicat et pugnat “Et vidi caelum apertum, et ecce equus albus, et qui sedebat super eum, vocabatur fidelis et verax, et cum iustitia BL, MS 18008, f. 28r iudicat et pugnat”cf. Vulg. Apc 19:11 et vidi caelum apertum et ecce equus albus et qui sedebat super eum vocabatur fidelis et verax vocatur et iustitia iudicat et pugnat , subdens: cf. Vulg. Apc 19:15-16 et de ore ipsius procedit gladius acutus ut in ipso percutiat gentes et ipse reget eos in virga ferrea et ipse calcat torcular vini furoris irae Dei omnipotentis et habet in vestimento et in femore suo scriptum rex regum et Dominus dominantium “Et ipse reget in virga ferrea, et calcat torcular vini furoris irae Dei Omnipotentis, et habet in femore et vestimento suo scriptum: Rex Regum et Dominus Dominantium”cf. Vulg. Apc 19:15-16 et de ore ipsius procedit gladius acutus ut in ipso percutiat gentes et ipse reget eos in virga ferrea et ipse calcat torcular vini furoris irae Dei omnipotentis et habet in vestimento et in femore suo scriptum rex regum et Dominus dominantium , exponendo, prout ibidem exponitur, “caelum” pro ecclesia temporali militante, “equum album” pro imperatore Christiano, “albo” baptismo, et “qui sedebit super eo et reget” hunc imperatorem. Erit Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristusJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament “qui vocatur fidelis et verax”, et is pugnat contra The Muslims (Sarraceni) SarracenosThe Muslims (Sarraceni) et iudicat eos cum iusta sententia, tamquam sui honoris et sancti nominis violatores. Et “reget in virga ferrea”, id est cum exercitu ferreo Christiano. Et “habet in vestimento”, hoc est exercitu Christiano, et “in femore”, id est caesare sustentante hunc exercitum, ita scriptum “Rex Regum et Dominus Dominantium”, quia is erit universalis monarcha.

Et licet in eodem capitulo dicatur, quod vocabitur nomen eius verbum Dei, et sic talis monarchia videri posset BL, MS 18008, f. 28v non homini puro attributa, sed ipsi Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristoJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, tamen cum totus ille textus de ecclesia temporali militante intelligatur (prout etiam optime colligitur ex sequenti capitulo ipsius Apocalypsis, in quo post damnationem bestiae et pseudoprophetae, et sic post victoriam imperatoris Christiani contra The Muslims (Sarraceni) SarracenosThe Muslims (Sarraceni) religabitur Sathanas per mille annos, ne interim amplius seducat gentes, ex quo necessario infertur, quod capitulum praecedens non loquitur de monarchia Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, quae erit in ultima resurrectione, sed loquitur de monarchia Christianorum, quae erit prima resurrectio, quae ad temporalem monarchiam refertur mille annis inde in statu pacifico duraturam), non videtur ob id absonum, quod princeps ipsius futurae victoriae dicatur “verbum Dei et Rex Regum” nuncupative, quia deputabitur ad opus ipsius verbi Dei, prout colligitur Exodi, ubi Deus dixit ad Moses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophetMoysenMoses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet: “Ego dedi te Deum pharaoni”, et in evangelio John the Evangelist IoBL, MS 18008, f. 29rannisJohn the Evangelist , The Jews IudaeisThe Jews increpantibus Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentIesumJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, quod cum homo esset, se Deum faceret, respondit: “Nonne scriptum est in lege vestra, quia ego dixi: Dii estis?”. Nisi enim scriptura Apocalypsis de temporali statu ecclesiae militantis et de ipsa huius orbis monarchia intelligeretur, non ibi de armorum exercitibus, non de pugna, non de regendo populos in virga ferrea, non de calcando torcular furoris irae Dei, non de veste aspersa sanguine mentio haberetur. Quandoquidem ad ipsam caelestem monarchiam non armis, non exercitu, non militibus seu ministris opus esset, teste ipso Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentSalvatoreJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament nostro Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentIesu ChristoJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, dum respondens Pontius Pilate 26-36 Prefect of the Roman province of JudaeaPilatoPontius Pilate 26-36 Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea dixit: cf. Vulg. Io 18:36 respondit Iesus regnum meum non est de mundo hoc si ex hoc mundo esset regnum meum ministri decertarent ut non traderer Iudaeis nunc autem regnum meum non est hinc “Si regnum meum esset de hoc mundo, ministri mei utique armis more mundi decertarent, ne traderer Iudaeis”.cf. Vulg. Io 18:36 respondit Iesus regnum meum non est de mundo hoc si ex hoc mundo esset regnum meum ministri decertarent ut non traderer Iudaeis nunc autem regnum meum non est hinc

Quodsi, Rex Catholice, huius novissimae Christianorum monarchiae tempus exquiras, attende, quaeso, ad litteralem expositionem, quam magister Giovanni Nanni of Viterbo (Ioannes Annius Viterbiensis) (*ca. 1430 – †1502)Ioannes ViterbiensisGiovanni Nanni of Viterbo (Ioannes Annius Viterbiensis) (*ca. 1430 – †1502) super septem ultiBL, MS 18008, f. 29vmis capitulis Apocalypsis annis iam triginta septem decursis edidit ac Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere) (*1414 – †1484), 1471-1484 PopeSixto pontifici maximoSixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere) (*1414 – †1484), 1471-1484 Pope dicavit, ibidem enim in ea quaestione, quam interserit: “An Antichristus venerit, an sit venturus?”, refert omnes litterales expositores tenere ex mente ipsius Apocalypsis, quod initium bestiae habentis cornua similia agno esse debeat in anno salutis sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto, propter ea, quae inquit ibidem Ioannes, dum ait: “Hic sapientia est, qui habet intellectum, computet numerum bestiae, numerus enim hominis est, et numerus eius sexcenti sexaginta sex”. Et sic infert, quod secta mahumetica, quae circa id tempus initium sumpsit, censeatur ipsa bestia, de qua textus ille loquitur, prout etiam expresse firmat Nicholas of Lyra (*ca. 1270 – †1349)Nicolaus de LyraNicholas of Lyra (*ca. 1270 – †1349) ibidem, quae ideo dicitur habere cornua similia agno, cum adversetur ipsi Agno, id est Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristoJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, et extollatur supra omne, quod dicitur Deus et quod colitur.

Cuius bestiae seu BL, MS 18008, f. 30r sectae Mahumeticae interitum ac finem sic ostendit idem magister Giovanni Nanni of Viterbo (Ioannes Annius Viterbiensis) (*ca. 1430 – †1502)Ioannes ViterbiensisGiovanni Nanni of Viterbo (Ioannes Annius Viterbiensis) (*ca. 1430 – †1502), quia Bisantine Empire (Imperium Constantinopolitanum)Imperium ConstantinopolitanumBisantine Empire (Imperium Constantinopolitanum) cum prima medietate Europe (Europa), the continentEuropaeEurope (Europa), the continent flagellandum sit a bestia Mahumetica sub septem dumtaxat The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) TurcorumThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) regibus et sub septimo ipsorum regum Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Turcia)Imperium TurcorumOttoman Empire (Turkey, Turcia) defecturum ac meretricem magnam Turchiam (quae Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristoJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament relicto vero sponso moechatur cum Muhammad (*ca. 570 – †632), founder of the religion of IslamMahumetoMuhammad (*ca. 570 – †632), founder of the religion of Islam) lacerandam et igne concremandam per dissensionem exercituum orientalium et per rebellionem populorum ac decem regum seu regentium ab ipso septimo et ultimo Turchorum imperatore ordinandorum, qui una hora potestatem accipient et soltano adhaerebunt, ut ipse ex mente illius litterae latius exponit.

Giovanni Nanni of Viterbo (Ioannes Annius Viterbiensis) (*ca. 1430 – †1502)QuiGiovanni Nanni of Viterbo (Ioannes Annius Viterbiensis) (*ca. 1430 – †1502) inde declarat primam Christianorum victoriam contra The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) TurchosThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) cum recuperatione Bisantine Empire (Imperium Constantinopolitanum)Imperii ConstantinopolitaniBisantine Empire (Imperium Constantinopolitanum) ac omnium eorum, quae Turchus occupat, et succesive describit secundam universalem victoriam imperatoris Christiani contra BL, MS 18008, f. 30v soltanum et ceteros The Muslims (Sarraceni) MahumetistasThe Muslims (Sarraceni) universalisque ecclesiae unionem cum institutione festi nuptiarum Agni, ita ut quattuor animalia et viginti quattuor seniores, quos declarat esse quattuor patriarchas et viginti quattuor principales archiepiscopos repraesentantes ipsam universalem ecclesiam, adorent verum Deum. Et tam ex his aliisque sacris prophetarum eloquiis, quam etiam ex ipsa astronomorum sententia satis aperte concluditur hanc bestiae damnationem et Christianorum monarchiam nostro tempore impleri debere, quorum auctoritates in tempus suum ostendendae reservantur, ut ex ipsa oculari inspectione huic rei maior fides imponatur.

Licet autem solis astronomorum assertionibus nequaquam inhaerendum censerem, nisi alio iuvarentur adminiculo, cum etsi non ambigam inferiora corpora a caelestibus influentiam et inclinationem accipere, profitear quoque astronomiam veram esse scientiam, ut cognoscantur BL, MS 18008, f. 31r signorum caelestium, siderum et planetarum naturae, influentiae, orbes, cursus, gradus, ascensiones, aspectus facierum, directiones, retrogradationes, coniunctiones ac oppositiones et huiusmodi, quorum notitia et scientia physicis potissimum est neccesaria ad curandas humanorum corporum aegritudines.

Nequaquam tamen admittendam censeo, quod ipsa corpora caelestia seu astrorum vires inferioribus corporibus necessitatem valeant imponere, in his maxime rebus, in quibus hominis arbitrium seu voluntas aliquid potestatis habere dignoscitur, quia, ut inquit Claudius Ptolemy (*ca. 100 – †ca. 170)philosophusClaudius Ptolemy (*ca. 100 – †ca. 170), sapiens dominabitur astris.

Et de futuris contingentibus non est determinata veritas nec ex sola astrorum notitia dari potest vera scientia futurorum, cum non sit nostrum scire tempora vel momenta, quae Pater posuit in potestate sua, verum cum ipsorum astronomorum dicta sacris eloquiis applaudere et convenire censeantur, apertius et securius conBL, MS 18008, f. 31vcordantibus astris et prophetis tempus ipsius futurae Christianorum monarchiae colligere possumus.

Huius autem novissimae monarchiae praeparamenta et media multiplicia elici possunt, duo enim eliciuntur ex textu Apocalypsis, alterum videlicet ex rebellione populorum et illorum decem regum seu regentium, ut diximus, una hora ordinandorum per ultimum imperatorem Turchorum, alterum vero ex dissensione exercituum orientalium, qui divinitus ad inter se confligendum incitabuntur, prout etiam praevidisse legitur sanctus ille abbas Joachim of Fiore (*ca. 1135 – †1202)Ioachim CalabrensisJoachim of Fiore (*ca. 1135 – †1202), qui spiritu prophetico loquens super illis verbis: cf. Vulg. Ier 49:20 si non dejecerint eos parvuli gregis; Vulg. Ier 50:45 nisi detraxerint eos parvuli gregum “Deicient Idumeos parvuli mei”cf. Vulg. Ier 49:20 si non dejecerint eos parvuli gregis; Vulg. Ier 50:45 nisi detraxerint eos parvuli gregum , dicit, quod parvuli gregis Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament Latini deicient ac destruent Idumeos, id est The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) TurchosThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) , et imperator Romanus usque ad The Ishmaelites (Ismaelitae) IsmaelitasThe Ishmaelites (Ismaelitae) penetrabit sine resistentia, concludens ita futurum esse, ut orientales exercitus inter se discideant et sub Romanae BL, MS 18008, f. 32r Reipublicae principe veniant. Unde cum aliqua ex praeparatoriis istis effectu verificata dignoscantur orientalesque exercitus iam diu inter se dissideant, facilius ad futurorum notitiam inducimur, quia praeteriti ratio scire futura facit.

At ultra huiusmodi praeparamenta, Rex Catholice, triplici adhuc vinculo Christiana religio ad ipsam novissimam monarchiam allicitur, invitatur ac necessario promovetur.

Primo[12] ex parte Dei, qui haec praedestinavit et cui resisti non potest, quandoquidem principi ac exercitui Christiano contra bestiam pugnanti pro hac monarchia obtinenda assistet divina virtus iuxta illud Isaiah EsaiaeIsaiah : cf. Vulg. Is 11:4 “Percutiet terram virga oris sui, et spiritu labiorum suorum interficiet impium”cf. Vulg. Is 11:4 , et illud Paul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the ApostlesPauliPaul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the Apostles: cf. Vulg. 2Th 2:8 Et tunc revelabitur ille iniquus, quem Dominus Iesus interficiet spiritu oris sui, et destruet illustratione adventus sui eum. “Et tunc revelabitur ille iniquus, quem Dominus Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentIesusJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament interficiet spiritu oris sui, et destruet illustratione adventus sui”cf. Vulg. 2Th 2:8 Et tunc revelabitur ille iniquus, quem Dominus Iesus interficiet spiritu oris sui, et destruet illustratione adventus sui eum. . Diriget enim Dominus huius monarchae cor et omnis eius potestas a Deo erit, quia non in multiBL, MS 18008, f. 32vtudine exercitus victoria belli, sed de caelo fortitudo est, iuxta illud psalmistae: cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 2:8-9 Postula a me, et dabo tibi gentes hæreditatem tuam, et possessionem tuam terminos terræ. / Reges eos in virga ferrea, et tamquam vas figuli confringes eos. “Postula a me, et dabo tibi gentes haereditatem tuam, et possesionem tuam terminos terrae. Reges eos in virga ferrea, et tamquam vas figuli confringes eos”cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 2:8-9 Postula a me, et dabo tibi gentes hæreditatem tuam, et possessionem tuam terminos terræ. / Reges eos in virga ferrea, et tamquam vas figuli confringes eos. . Et Augustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo Regiusbeatus AugustinusAugustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo Regius ad horum comprobationem sic ait: “Donabit certanti victoriam, qui certandi dedit audaciam, non ergo nos hostium turba, non bellantium forma, non quasi fulgens vitrea terreat armatura. Goliath GoliamGoliath magnum, robustum, armis terribilem, ingentique turba munitum David (*ca. 1040 BC – †ca. 970 BC), according to the Bible (the Books of Samuel) the second king of Israel and JudahDavidDavid (*ca. 1040 BC – †ca. 970 BC), according to the Bible (the Books of Samuel) the second king of Israel and Judah solus parvus atque inermis uno lapidis ictu prostravit ac tota Philistines (Philistaei, Philistini) AlophilorumPhilistines (Philistaei, Philistini) castra turbavit atque fugavit”.[13] Nam iustus ille supremus iudex, qui saepius brevi militum manu amplas cohortes immensosque exercitus conflixit atque prostravit, ut Maccabees MachabeorumMaccabees gesta testantur, qui Holofernes biblical figureHolofernemHolofernes biblical figure per mulierem destruxit, qui pharaonem in Red Sea (Erythraean Sea)Mari RubroRed Sea (Erythraean Sea) submersit, qui Philistines (Philistaei, Philistini) PhilisteosPhilistines (Philistaei, Philistini) per BL, MS 18008, f. 33r Samson (Sampson), biblical figureSampsonemSamson (Sampson), biblical figure devicit, qui demum tot ac tanta miranda peregit, huic sancto operi vires omnino praestabit et animum.

Secundo[14] autem ad hanc futuram monarchiam incitamur ac inducimur ex parte humanitatis Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament, qui pro Saint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first PopePetriSaint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first Pope navicula et Roman Catholic Church Romana ecclesiaRoman Catholic Church oravit, ne deficeret fides eius, et cum oratio Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament semper fuerit exaudita, eo teste, dum ait: “Pater gratias ago tibi, quoniam audisti me, ego autem sciebam, quia semper me audis”, et ceter(a). Ideo sola Romana ecclesia non declinavit ad haereses, sed fidelis permanet. Ob quod merito ab ipso Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristoJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament praeordinatum exstitit, ut Saint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first PopePetrusSaint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first Pope cum sua Roman Catholic Church ecclesia RomanaRoman Catholic Church lapsos et perditos confirmaret et restitueret ac eos, qui ad haereses et errores declinaverant, ad ipsam catholicam fidem reduceret, dum eidem Petro dixit: cf. Vulg. Lc 22:32 “Et tu aliquando conversus confirma fratres tuos”cf. Vulg. Lc 22:32 .

Tertio[15] autem etiam ex parte hominum ad ipsam monarchiam (secundum ea, quae praediximus) naturali BL, MS 18008, f. 33v ratione promovemur, ut universalis pax humano generi praebeatur utque universalis iustitia in hoc terrarum orbe haberi possit. Haec enim nequaquam obtinerentur, nisi ex sententia Paul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the ApostlesPauliPaul of Tarsus, Saint (*5-10 AD – †64-67 AD), the most important missionary and theologian of early Christianity, known as the Apostle of Nations, author of Letters, the main figure of the Acts of the Apostles, cf. Vulg. Eph 4:4-6 Unum corpus, et unus Spiritus, sicut vocati estis in una spe vocationis vestræ. Unus Dominus, una fides, unum baptisma. Unus Deus et Pater omnium, qui est super omnes, et per omnia, et in omnibus nobis. unus esset princeps, unus monarcha, unus dominus, una fides, unum baptisma, una omnibus vivendi lexcf. Vulg. Eph 4:4-6 Unum corpus, et unus Spiritus, sicut vocati estis in una spe vocationis vestræ. Unus Dominus, una fides, unum baptisma. Unus Deus et Pater omnium, qui est super omnes, et per omnia, et in omnibus nobis. , quae cum omnibus una atque eadem voce loqueretur, quae summos cum infimis pari iure retineret et quae nequaquam religionis ac rituum discretionem admitteret seu differentiam pateretur.

Sunt tamen ex parte hominum alia quaedam extrinsecus exsequenda, ut impleantur, quae restant implenda, priusquam ad ipsam novissimam monarchiam deveniatur. Id enim imprimis ex parte hominum elaborandum erit, ut impleatur, quod scriptum est in cantico Zechariah biblical figure, father of John the BaptistZachariaeZechariah biblical figure, father of John the Baptist: “Ut sine timore de manu inimicorum nostrorum liberati serviamus illi”. Id quoque secundo loco enixe explendum erit, quod inquit psalmista: cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 101:23 “In conveniendo populos in unum et reges, ut serviant BL, MS 18008, f. 34r Domino”cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 101:23 . Quod quidem coacti facient, teste eodem psalmista, dum ait: cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 47:5-8 “Quoniam ecce reges terrae congregati sunt, convenerunt in unum. Ipsi vide written over ...... illegible...... illegiblevidevide written over ...ntes sic admirati sunt, conturbati sunt, commoti sunt, tremor apprehendit eos. Ibi dolores sicut parturientis; in spiritu vehementi conteres naves Tarshish (Tarsis)TharsisTarshish (Tarsis)” et ceteracf. Vulg. Ps (G) 47:5-8 .

Cum enim imperator tam iure divino et canonum, quam civili, totius orbis dominus universaliter censeatur, curandum est, ut iuxta praenarratam Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentSalvatorisJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament sententiam: cf. Vulg. Mt 22:21; Vulg. Mc 12:17; Vulg. Lc 20:25 “Reddantur, quae sunt caesaris, caesari, et quae sunt Dei, Deo”cf. Vulg. Mt 22:21; Vulg. Mc 12:17; Vulg. Lc 20:25 . Non dico caesari tradendum omnium rerum particulare dominium nec quod omnia regna et dominia ad eius manus sint particulariter reponenda, nec reges et principes spoliandi aut privandi eorum regnis et dominiis, sed id dumtaxat curandum censeo, ut omnes reges et principes superioritatem imperialem recognoscant, ut de iure tenentur, fateantur monarcham ac lites eorum, quae BL, MS 18008, f. 34v tot bellis causam dedere, iudicio monarchae dirimant, eidem pareant et assistant, eo quoque imperante in communes Christianae religionis hostes arma communia dirigantur ipsaque divina impleatur sententia. Non enim quovis iure, quamvis secus iam de facto attentatum discernamus, potest quispiam se in temporalibus ab ipsa imperiali superioritate exemptum contendere nec validum exemptionis privilegium in medium adducere, cum etiam ipsemet imperator sua sponte quempiam in praeiudicium successorum ab ipsa superioritate eximere non posset, nec quamvis alienationem facere, per quam omnis superioritas ab imperio abdicaretur.

Et cum de Constantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman EmperorConstantiniConstantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman Emperor donatione, quam in beatum Sylvester I (Silvester I) (†335), 314-335 PopeSylvestrumSylvester I (Silvester I) (†335), 314-335 Pope fecisse legitur, longa sit disputatio variaeque appareant doctorum sententiae, non intrabimus nunc mare magnum, verum hanc disceptationem in aliud tempus reservabimus. Id solum Tuae Maiestati Catholicae sat BL, MS 18008, f. 35r erit, ut nunc intelligas communem legistarum sententiam eam esse, quod ipsa donatio (per quam venenum in ecclesia seminatum affirmant) nequaquam viribus subsistat.

Et quippe sanctius fuisset, si secundum primitivam ecclesiam decimas et primitias ac alia iura spiritualia, quae Dei sunt, integre obtinuissent ac his contenti fuissent, non aspirantes ad temporalia, quae ipso Dei iudicio caesaris sunt.

Ob quod tertio loco ad ipsam novissimam monarchiam obtinendam id etiam ex parte hominum explendum erit, ut praecedat persecutio cleri et impleatur Evangelium, dum ait: cf. Vulg. Mt 5:13 “Vos estis sal terrae, quod si sal evanuerit, in quo salietur, ad nihilum valet ultra, nisi ut mittatur foras et conculcetur ab hominibus”cf. Vulg. Mt 5:13 . Nam per primum sal praelati et sacerdotes denotantur, per secundum sal, in quo salietur, intelligitur doctrina ecclesiasticorum ac vita eorum, et si amplius non valet, oportet, quod mittantur foras, id est, quod spolientur beneficiis BL, MS 18008, f. 35v et conculcentur ab hominibus. Quod etiam optime ostendit Malachi MalachiasMalachi , dum ait: cf. Vulg. Mal 2:7-9 “Labia enim sacerdotis custodiunt scientiam et legem requirent ex ore eius, quia angelus Domini exercituum est, vos autem recessistis de via et scandalizastis plurimos in lege, irritum fecistis pactum Levi LeviLevi , dicit Dominus exercituum, propter quod ego dedi vos contemptibiles et humiles omnibus populis” et ceteracf. Vulg. Mal 2:7-9 , ostendens, quod sacerdotes per recessum a doctrina et a lege contemnendi sint ab omnibus populis. Unde Bridget of Sweden, Saint (Birgitta Birgersdotter) (*1303 – †1373)sancta BrigidaBridget of Sweden, Saint (Birgitta Birgersdotter) (*1303 – †1373) in libro suarum revelationum hanc cleri persecutionem praevidens, sic ait: “Sub aquila grandi, quae ignem fovebit in pectore, conculcabitur ecclesia Dei et devastabitur”.[16] Ad quod etiam applaudit Cumaean Sibyl (Sibylla Cumana) Sibylla CumaeaCumaean Sibyl (Sibylla Cumana) in suis vaticiniis sic loquens: “Egredietur aquila de Germany (Germania, Niemcy)AlemaniaeGermany (Germania, Niemcy) rupibus multis associata griffonibus, quae irruens in ortum crismatis sedentem in sede pastoris de quinto climate fugabit ad septimum”.

Optime igitur BL, MS 18008, f. 36r consultum erit his sacerdotibus ecclesiasticisque personis, si partes monarchae fovebunt, eius obsequiis intendent, suis iustissimis institutis parebunt illiusque sanctissimos vivendi ritus sectabuntur a nefandissimis etiam vitiis, quibus maior pars cleri nunc inficitur, prorsus abstineant.

Quam persecutionem sacerdotum legimus debere immediate praecedere ipsam destructionem Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Turcia)TurchiaeOttoman Empire (Turkey, Turcia) indeque universalem ecclesiam reformandam ac renovandam, ut ex ipsa reformatione quattuor animalia et viginti quattuor seniores, qui sunt quattuor patriarchae, et viginti quattuor archiepiscopi principaliores, qui a fide Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament defecerant, tunc cadentes ipsum verum Deum adorent. Et tunc intrabit plenitudo gentium ad ipsam orthodoxam et catholicam fidem, cf. Vulg. Rm 11:26 et sic omnis Israhel salvus fieret et omnis IsraelIsraelIsrael salvus fietcf. Vulg. Rm 11:26 et sic omnis Israhel salvus fieret , ut sic occurramus omnes in unitatem fidei et agnitionis Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentFilii DeiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament.

Cum igitur, Rex Catholice, haec omnia, quae de futura monarchia implenda BL, MS 18008, f. 36v praediximus, tam ex parte Dei, quam ex parte hominum, hac nostra tempestate implenda ostenderimus, habes ex his tempus et modum ipsius monarchiae consequendae. Verum nunc sciscitabitur curiosus spiritus avidiusque investigabit, quisnam ipsius futurae monarchiae ac huiusce Christianorum triumphi sit futurus princeps. In hoc enim pendent leges et prophetae et, ut cum Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (*70 BC – †19 BC), ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, author of the Aeneid and many other workspoetaVirgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (*70 BC – †19 BC), ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, author of the Aeneid and many other works loquar: cf. Verg. A. 6.129 “Hoc opus, hic labor est”cf. Verg. A. 6.129 , cum ut praediximus, de futuris contingentibus non sit determinata veritas, sit quoque solius scire futura Dei, cuius cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 35:7:1 iudicia abyssus multacf. Vulg. Ps (G) 35:7:1 .

In ea quoque re varii varia scripsisse comperiantur, ut videatur non posse elici certa doctrina, quandoquidem ex sedecim antiquis scripturis ad manus meas delatis, quas vulgo prophetias vocitant, nonnulli videantur hanc monarchiam ascribere Agno Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament vicario, id est pontifici maximo, alii imperatori Germano ac filio eidem iuncto, alii regi France (Gallia, Francia), the kingdomFranciaeFrance (Gallia, Francia), the kingdom, alii[17] BL, MS 18008, f. 37r regi EnglandAngliaeEngland, alii regi Hungary (Kingdom of Hungary)HungariaeHungary (Kingdom of Hungary), alii regi Siculo, alii regi Valentino, alii cuidam regi Castile (Castilla, Castilia), kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, together with the Crown of Aragon formed the foundation of the Kingdom of Spain CastellaeCastile (Castilla, Castilia), kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, together with the Crown of Aragon formed the foundation of the Kingdom of Spain ex partibus orientalibus prodeunti et inde ad Spain (Hispania)HispaniamSpain (Hispania) transfretanti, alii cuidam principi ex tertia linea Frederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German NationFrederici tertiiFrederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation Romanorum imperatoris, alii Philip the Bold (Philippe II de Bourgogne) (*1342 – †1404), 1363-1404 Duke of Burgundyquarto haeredi masculoPhilip the Bold (Philippe II de Bourgogne) (*1342 – †1404), 1363-1404 Duke of Burgundy ex descendentia John II of Valoise (Jean le Bon) (*1319 – †1364), 1350-1364 King of FranceIoannis Burgundionum ducisJohn II of Valoise (Jean le Bon) (*1319 – †1364), 1350-1364 King of France, alii nominatim Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of CastileCaroloCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile filio Philip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of CastilePhilippiPhilip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of Castile ex The Julia (gens) (gens Iulia) natione IuliiThe Julia (gens) (gens Iulia) monarchiam ipsam ascribendam satagunt.

Etsi huiusmodi scripturas tamquam apocriphas et apud me non authenticas nec approbatas, quantumcumque antiquas, hic nequaquam inserendas censuerim, sed in aliud tempus de earum mente et intellectu discutiendum servaverim, attamen si quid fidei ac auctoritatis antiquitas seu vetustas his praestare posset, eas omnes scripturas de futuro monarcha loquentes congrua interpretatione secundum rectam verborum sententiam concordandas censerem, ut in te uno verificandae forent, de te ipso BL, MS 18008, f. 37v loqui viderentur ac tibi soli adaptari possent.

Prout, dum libuerit Tuae Maiestati Catholicae, singillatim ostendetur, cumque ab astronomis non levis existimationis didicerim caelestium corporum vires ac fata omnia pro te laborare, ut omnis supernorum, terrestrium et infernorum virtus in te uno concurrere videatur tuisque accommodetur auspiciis, cogor et ego astris ac scripturis concordantibus profiteri te futurum huiusmodi Christianorum triumphi principem et monarcham.

At in hanc sententiam eo potissime trahor, quod aequitati ac rationi censeam convenire, ut quemadmodum Omnipotens Creator humanum genus per Eve mulieremEve damnatum, pariter per Virgin Mary mother of Jesus of NazarethmulieremVirgin Mary mother of Jesus of Nazareth salvandum decreverit, sic Imperium Romanum (in persona Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (*747 or 748 – †814), 774-814 King of the Lombards, 768-814 King of the Franks, 800-814 the EmperorCaroli MagniCharlemagne (Charles the Great) (*747 or 748 – †814), 774-814 King of the Lombards, 768-814 King of the Franks, 800-814 the Emperor ex The Habsburgs, house of Austria Austriae ducibusThe Habsburgs, house of Austria originem trahentis) divisum et laceratum ac bicipiti imperatorum titulo deformatum, viceversa per Charles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of CastileCarolum MaximumCharles V of Habsburg (*1500 – †1558), ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily, King of the Romans (1519-1530), Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation (elected 1519, crowned 1530, abdicated 1556); son of Philip I the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile ex illius stirpe ac ex BL, MS 18008, f. 38r eisdem Austriae ducibus reintegretur ad ipsiusque verae monarchiae unitatem reducatur. Ut si Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (*747 or 748 – †814), 774-814 King of the Lombards, 768-814 King of the Franks, 800-814 the EmperorilleCharlemagne (Charles the Great) (*747 or 748 – †814), 774-814 King of the Lombards, 768-814 King of the Franks, 800-814 the Emperor a rerum magnitudine Magnus dictus exstitit imperium scindendo, tu merito Maximus dicaris maiora ac maxima gerendo et, quod scissum est, resarciendo ac ad unitatem reducendo.

Et cum Omnipotens Salvator noster Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentIesus ChristusJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament pro humani generis salute in hoc ipso terrestri globo descendens unum dumtaxat praecursorem John the Baptist Ioannem BaptistamJohn the Baptist ad parandas vias eius praemiserit, Tuae tamen Catholicae Maiestati ad hanc novam Christianorum salutem, ad reducendas oves Christi, ut fiat unum ovile et unus pastor, duos ordine successivo praecursores dedit, qui tibi vias huiusmodi monarchiae pararent: Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugalavos scilicet paternumMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal et Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of CastilematernumFerdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of Castile.

Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of CastileMaternumFerdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of Castile quidem vita functum praecursorem primum, qui tot et tanta Tuae Maiestati Catholicae regna ac dominia paravit, qui antecessorum regnis Emirate of Granada (Regnum Granatae), country on the Iberian Peninsula, existed from 1237 till 1492, when conquered by King Ferdinand II of AragonBo superinscribedoo superinscribedethicam[18], quam BL, MS 18008, f. 38v GranatamEmirate of Granada (Regnum Granatae), country on the Iberian Peninsula, existed from 1237 till 1492, when conquered by King Ferdinand II of Aragon vocant, adiunxit ac a The Muslims (Sarraceni) SarracenorumThe Muslims (Sarraceni) manibus recuperavit et eripuit, indeque Catholici titulum ab Holy See (Sedes Apostolica) Apostolica SedeHoly See (Sedes Apostolica) sibi ac ceteris successoribus acquisivit. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of CastileQuiFerdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of Castile etiam Kingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of AragonNeapolisKingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of Aragon ac Kingdom of Navarre (Navarre)Navarrae regnaKingdom of Navarre (Navarre) iustis quidem titulis adeptus est, seu verius recuperavit una cum his dominiis, quae nunc citra Pyrenees (Pyrenaei montes), mountain range in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extend for about 491 km (305 mi) from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus)Pyreneos montesPyrenees (Pyrenaei montes), mountain range in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extend for about 491 km (305 mi) from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus) obtines, inter quae County of RoussillonComitatus RossilionisCounty of Roussillon situatur, quae omnia suis antecessoribus pertinebant. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of CastileQuiFerdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of Castile pariter Canary Islandsinsulas Canariae(!)Canary Islands et America, the continentIndasAmerica, the continent quaesivit ac novum orbem prioribus cosmographis incognitum adinvenit tuaeque ditioni subegit, in quo antiqui cosmographi antipodes esse censebant, ad quos perfacilis transfretandi modus est adinventus cum nova navigationis tabula, polo arctico dimisso et ad antarcticum transeundo, populum ibidem nudum et incultum ac paene bestialem ad religionis cultum civilesque et rationabiles vivendi mores reducendo, ut exinde magna auri copia quotannis Tuae Maiestati BL, MS 18008, f. 39r Catholicae reddatur. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of CastileQuiFerdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of Castile tandem in Africa, the continentAphricaAfrica, the continent tria incluta promontoria quaesivit Tuaeque Maiestati reliquit – OranOrantOran, Béjaïa (Bugia, Budschaja, Bougie), city and harbour in AlgeriaBogiamBéjaïa (Bugia, Budschaja, Bougie), city and harbour in Algeria et TripoliTripolimTripoli, quibus ad reliqua Aphricae regna consequenda paratur aditus, ut sic merito ipsum maternum avum ad ipsam monarchiam praecursorem dicere valeamus, qui tibi undique vias paravit.

Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalPaternum etiam avumMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal adhuc viventem merito praecursorem ad ampliores vias parandas reservatum censebimus, ut quod primus praecursor morte praeventus consummare nequivit, is, in id subrogatus Deo auctore ad huiusmodi monarchiam assequendam iter perficiat. At in hac sententiam multo magis me confirmat, quod inter Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament fideles ad id triumphum vocatos nullus te maior appareat, nullus etiam par futurus existimetur, non origine ac sanguine, non amicis et fautoribus, non regnis et dominiis, non potentia et divitiis, non gentibus bellicosis ac ad arma capescenda paratis, BL, MS 18008, f. 39v non equis, armis bellorumque machinis, sine quibus bella geri nequeunt. Si enim originem tuam ad altum usque Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorIulii CaesarisCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator sanguinem repetamus, vel si proprius The Habsburgs, house of Austria Austriam gentemThe Habsburgs, house of Austria respiciamus, quae tibi paternum tribuit genus, ex qua tot caesares totque imperatores prodiere a Rudolf I of Habsburg (*1218 – †1291), 1273-1291 King of the Romans, 1278-1282 Duke of Austria and Styria, 1278-1286 Duke of CarinthiaRudolpho primoRudolf I of Habsburg (*1218 – †1291), 1273-1291 King of the Romans, 1278-1282 Duke of Austria and Styria, 1278-1286 Duke of Carinthia huius stipitis usque ad numerum sex, inter quos adsunt potissime duo hi novissimi, Frederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German NationFredericusFrederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation et Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianusMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, qui ipsum[19] Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium)Romanum ImperiumHoly Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium) velut haereditarium quoddam munus ordine successivo obtinuisse noscuntur, divina potius (ut creditur) provisione quam humana, ut per ipsos progenitores ad te unum ordine successivo transiret.

Vel si materna written over uuaa written over um tuam stirpem ab ipsis Spain (Hispania)HispaniarumSpain (Hispania) regibus capiamus, quam ab Alaric I (*ca. 370 – †410), 395-410 King of the VisigothsAlaricoAlaric I (*ca. 370 – †410), 395-410 King of the Visigoths et Athanaric (†381), ca. 365-376 iudex of Thervingi (ancestors of Visigoths)AthanaricoAthanaric (†381), ca. 365-376 iudex of Thervingi (ancestors of Visigoths) The Visigoths GothorumThe Visigoths regibus prodiisse constat, vel si tandem ducum Burgundionum familiam, quam ab ipsa Mary of Burgundy (*1457 – †1482), 1477-1482 Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Maximilian of Habsburg (the future Emperor Maximilian I)avia paternaMary of Burgundy (*1457 – †1482), 1477-1482 Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Maximilian of Habsburg (the future Emperor Maximilian I) suscepisse dignosceris, a nobilissimis The French FrancorumThe French regibus requiramus, BL, MS 18008, f. 40r nullus profecto sanguine et origine maior nec par dici poterit.

Si etiam ad amicos et fautores respiciamus, habes ipsum Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianum caesaremMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, avum paternum, quem tui ipsius alterum dicere potes, cum quo eadem persona censeris. Et cum cf. Arist. Ethic. 8 semper amor plus descendat quam ascendatcf. Arist. Ethic. 8 , ita ut parentes plus dicantur diligere liberos quam seipsos et multo plus liberorum liberos, per quos diutius parentum memoria conservatur, is propterea ex ipso amoris ardore nil aliud, nisi de te cogitat, nil aliud, nisi tuam magnitudinem et amplitudinem requirit, in te uno omnem eius gloriam reponit, honorem filii gloriam parentum existimans, ut cum Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (*70 BC – †19 BC), ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, author of the Aeneid and many other worksVergilioVirgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (*70 BC – †19 BC), ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, author of the Aeneid and many other works dicendum sit: “Omnis in Ascanius AscanioAscanius cari stat cura Aeneas parentisAeneas ”.

Etiam habes Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of SavoyFrancorum regemFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy, qui te iam filium nominat, eo quod propriam eius Louise of France (*1515 – †1517), daughter of Francis I of France, soon after birth engaged to Charles I of SpainfiliamLouise of France (*1515 – †1517), daughter of Francis I of France, soon after birth engaged to Charles I of Spain diutius tamen exspectandam vixque natam tibi spoponderit, et qui arctissimo amicitiae vinculo Tuae BL, MS 18008, f. 40v Maiestati Catholicae iunctus dicitur et adeo quidem perstricto, ut vicissim unus alterius ordinem militarem sumpsisse dicamini, Tua scilicet Maiestas Catholica ordinem militiae regum France (Gallia, Francia), the kingdomFranciaeFrance (Gallia, Francia), the kingdom, Sancti Michaelis nuncupatum, ipse autem rex Francorum, ordinem militum Aurei Velleris, cuius es caput et princeps. Adeo, quod si facta verbis respondeant, si sincerior sit fides, quam antecessorum exstiterit, Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of SavoyhuncFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy amicum et fautorem dicere poteris.

Habes quoque Hungary (Kingdom of Hungary)HungariaeHungary (Kingdom of Hungary), Bohemia (Čechy, Kingdom of Bohemia), country in central EuropeBohemiaeBohemia (Čechy, Kingdom of Bohemia), country in central Europe ac Denmark (Dania)DaciaeDenmark (Dania) Louis II Jagiellon (*1506 – †1526), 1516-1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary; son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon King of Bohemia and Hungary, killed in the battle of Mohács, and his third wife, Anne de Foix

Christian II of Oldenburg (Christian II of Denmark) (*1481 – †1559), 1513-1523 King of Denmark and Norway, 1520-1521 King of Sweden; son of John of Oldenburg, King of Denmark and Norway, and Christina of Saxony
regesLouis II Jagiellon (*1506 – †1526), 1516-1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary; son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon King of Bohemia and Hungary, killed in the battle of Mohács, and his third wife, Anne de Foix

Christian II of Oldenburg (Christian II of Denmark) (*1481 – †1559), 1513-1523 King of Denmark and Norway, 1520-1521 King of Sweden; son of John of Oldenburg, King of Denmark and Norway, and Christina of Saxony
Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae sororios tibique fraterno amore coniunctos.

Habes tandem The English (Angli) AnglorumThe English (Angli) et PortugalPortugalliaePortugal Henry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York

Manuel I of Portugal (*1469 – †1521), 1495-1521 king of Portugal
regesHenry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York

Manuel I of Portugal (*1469 – †1521), 1495-1521 king of Portugal
, quibus Joanna I of Castile the Mad (Juana I de Castilla, Juana la Loca) (*1479 – †1555), 1504-1555 queen of Castile, 1516-1555 Queen of Aragon; married to Philip (the Handsome) of Habsburg, duke of Burgundy, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of AragonmatrisJoanna I of Castile the Mad (Juana I de Castilla, Juana la Loca) (*1479 – †1555), 1504-1555 queen of Castile, 1516-1555 Queen of Aragon; married to Philip (the Handsome) of Habsburg, duke of Burgundy, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon tuae Catherine of Aragon (*1485 – †1536), Queen consort of England (1509-1533), Princess of Wales (as wife to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 1501-1502); the first wife of Henry VIII, King of England

Mary of Aragon (*1482 – †1517), from 1500 Queen consort of Portugal as the wife of King Manuel I; daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
sororesCatherine of Aragon (*1485 – †1536), Queen consort of England (1509-1533), Princess of Wales (as wife to Arthur, Prince of Wales, 1501-1502); the first wife of Henry VIII, King of England

Mary of Aragon (*1482 – †1517), from 1500 Queen consort of Portugal as the wife of King Manuel I; daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
matrimonio copulantur, ut sic in primo affinitatis gradu existentes tibi in secundo gradu constituto iungantur.

Quo fit, ut amicis et fautoribus nullus te maior nec par esse possit.

Si etiam ad regna et dominia animadvertimus, sunt tibi decem et octo regna ex linea materna quaesita, quorum iam pacificus BL, MS 18008, f. 41r es possessor. Sunt etiam amplissima ac divitiis summe referta haec Gallia BelgicaGalliae BelgicaeGallia Belgica dominia ac ea, quae in Gallia CelticaGallia CelticaGallia Celtica ad te pertinere noscuntur, quinque scilicet ducatus cum tot potentissimis comitatibus, quae ex Mary of Burgundy (*1457 – †1482), 1477-1482 Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Maximilian of Habsburg (the future Emperor Maximilian I)avia paternaMary of Burgundy (*1457 – †1482), 1477-1482 Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Maximilian of Habsburg (the future Emperor Maximilian I) ex ipsius Burgundiana successione Philip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of Castilerex PhilippusPhilip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of Castile Tuae Maiestatis pater ad te iure haereditario transmisit. Sunt pariter regna, ducatus ac alia dominia quam plurima, quae ex avita succesione in Pannonia, province bounded to the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia, covering the territory of the present-day western half of Hungary, along with parts of Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and HerzegovinaPannoniaPannonia, province bounded to the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia, covering the territory of the present-day western half of Hungary, along with parts of Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina inferiori, in utraque Germany (Germania, Niemcy)GermaniaGermany (Germania, Niemcy) ac etiam in florenti Italy (Italia)ItaliaItaly (Italia) ad te iuremerito sunt perventura. Quae quidem Tuae Maiestatis regna ac dominia fere omnia Christianarum linguarum genera complectuntur, quorum fines ad The Ottoman Turks (Turcae) TeucrosThe Ottoman Turks (Turcae) , ad The Moors (Mauri), North African piratesMaurosThe Moors (Mauri), North African pirates, ad extremitates Europe (Europa), the continentEuropaeEurope (Europa), the continent, ad Adriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Seamare HadriaticumAdriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea, ad Mediterraneanmare MediterraneumMediterranean, ad Strait of Messina (Fretum Siculum)fretum SiculumStrait of Messina (Fretum Siculum), ad Strait of Gibraltar (fretum Gaditanum)fretum GaditanumStrait of Gibraltar (fretum Gaditanum), ad Rock of Gibraltar (columnae Herculis)Herculis columnasRock of Gibraltar (columnae Herculis) ac fere ad omnes Atlantic OceanOceaniAtlantic Ocean partes Europam attingentes protenduntur. Et quod maius est, ab ipso Adriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean SeaHadriatico mariAdriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea BL, MS 18008, f. 41v usque ad North SeaOceanum SeptentrionalemNorth Sea, in quem Rhine (Rhein, Rhenus), river in central Europe, flowing through Switzerland, Germany (partially as a border with France) and the Netherlands, into the North SeaRhenusRhine (Rhein, Rhenus), river in central Europe, flowing through Switzerland, Germany (partially as a border with France) and the Netherlands, into the North Sea influit, per ipsius Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximiliani caesarisMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal dominia Tuaeque Maiestatis Catholicae patrimonia continuatus patet aditus et in triginta dierum itinere vix una dieta alieni dominii attingatur, ut sic etiam regnis et dominiis nullus maior seu par esse possit.

Si autem ad potentiam et divitias recurrimus, non deerunt, qui pecuniae defectum adducant, belli nervum submoventes, et cum satyro dicent:

cf. Juv. 3.165-166 Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat / Res angusta domi Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat
Res angusta domi...
cf. Juv. 3.165-166 Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat / Res angusta domi

Idque adducent publici proventus quaestores non posse Tuam Maiestatem Catholicam ad tantum opus aspirare nec ea, qua deceret, beneficentia et liberalitate uti, cum etiam non habeas, unde domesticis satisfacias. Impossibile, dicent, ut Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristoteliAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy placet, praeclarum aliquid ab eo fieri, cui desunt facultates. Non enim potuisset The Romans populus RomanusThe Romans terrarum orbem suo adicere imperio, nisi BL, MS 18008, f. 42r pecunias belli nervos habuisset. Unde contionabundus in Philip II of Macedon (*382 BC – †336 BC), 359-336 BC King of Macedon; father of Alexander the GreatPhilippumPhilip II of Macedon (*382 BC – †336 BC), 359-336 BC King of Macedon; father of Alexander the Great Demosthenes (*384 BC – †322 BC), Greek statesman and oratorDemosthenesDemosthenes (*384 BC – †322 BC), Greek statesman and orator: “Pecuniis – inquit – ad tantam rem conficiendam opus est”.

His, Rex Catholice, potentiam ac divitias tuas sic ostendes, quod Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of CastileCatholicus ille rexFerdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (*1452 – †1516), King of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, iure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V (1474–1504), Count of Barcelona; son of John II of Aragon, husband of Isabella I of Castile avus tuus maternus cum sola The Spaniards HispanorumThe Spaniards potentia solisque Hispanis redditibus nedum parta conservavit, sed auxit totque ac tanta regna quaesivit et adiunxit, ut etiam eodem contextu tribus validissimis exercitibus congregatis hinc The French GallosThe French ex Kingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of AragonNeapolitano regnoKingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of Aragon (Gaston de Foix (*1489 – †1512), fell in the Battle of Ravenna; Duke of Nemours, French military commanderduceGaston de Foix (*1489 – †1512), fell in the Battle of Ravenna; Duke of Nemours, French military commander Nemours, castle and lordship in central France, on the river LoingNemosiiNemours, castle and lordship in central France, on the river Loing caeso) eiecerit, regnumque ipsum sibi ac suis, quoad vixit, integre conservaverit. Inde eosdem The French GallosThe French a County of RoussillonComitatu RossilionisCounty of Roussillon a Pyrenees (Pyrenaei montes), mountain range in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extend for about 491 km (305 mi) from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus)montibusque PyreneisPyrenees (Pyrenaei montes), mountain range in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extend for about 491 km (305 mi) from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus) repulerit ac Salses (Salsas, Salces), village in Pyrenees, County of Roussillon, when conquered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the fortress of the same name was built next to the village; from 1986 Salses was renamed to Salses-le-ChâteauSalsaeSalses (Salsas, Salces), village in Pyrenees, County of Roussillon, when conquered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the fortress of the same name was built next to the village; from 1986 Salses was renamed to Salses-le-Château obsidionem solvere coegerit, tertio quoque exercitu The Muslims (Sarraceni) Christianae religionis hostesThe Muslims (Sarraceni) vexans, in litora Africa, the continentAphricaeAfrica, the continent prorumpens OranOrant civitatemOran insigneque promontorium obtinuerit.

His etiam id ostendes, quod antecessores tui, The Burgundians BurgundionumThe Burgundians duces, nil aliud, quam Duchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of HabsburgBurgundiamDuchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of Habsburg BL, MS 18008, f. 42v et hanc Gallia BelgicaGalliam BelgicamGallia Belgica obtinentes, nedum parta conservarunt, sed maxime adauxerunt saepiusque cum The French GallisThe French , cum The Germans GermanisThe Germans ac ceteris vicinis populis confligentes victores evasere.

Testantur id gesta Philip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of BurgundyPhilippi cognomento BoniPhilip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of Burgundy, Tuae Maiestatis abavi, qui ultra ceteras animi dotes tantae magnanimitatis exstitit, quod ut paternam necem vindicaret ac parricidis debitas poenas infligeret, maximum conflavit exercitum accitoque ac secum iuncto Henry VI of Lancaster (*1421 – †1471), 1422-1461, 1470-1471 King of England, 1422-1453 King of France (disputed); son of Henry V of Lancaster and Cathrine de Valois (daughter of king of France Charles VI)The English (Angli) AnglorumThe English (Angli) regeHenry VI of Lancaster (*1421 – †1471), 1422-1461, 1470-1471 King of England, 1422-1453 King of France (disputed); son of Henry V of Lancaster and Cathrine de Valois (daughter of king of France Charles VI) in The French GallosThe French irruens ad tam extremam necessitatem Charles VII of Valois (*1403 – †1461), 1417-1422 Duke de Berry, 1422-1461 King of FranceThe French FrancorumThe French regemCharles VII of Valois (*1403 – †1461), 1417-1422 Duke de Berry, 1422-1461 King of France coegit, ut fere omni regno destitutus apud Bituriges, inhabitants of Duchy of Berry (Bituriges, Bituricenses) BituricensesBituriges, inhabitants of Duchy of Berry (Bituriges, Bituricenses) confugiens Biturigum rex fuerit nuncupatus. cf. Sen. Cl. 1.21.1 Hoc dico, cum ab inferioribus petitus violatusque est; nam si, quos pares aliquando habuit, infra se videt, satis vindicatus est Tuncque Philip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of BurgundyPhilippusPhilip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of Burgundy, prout magni erat animi, Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaeSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero sententiam imitatus, vindictam putans vindicare potuisse, depositis The English (Angli) AnglorumThe English (Angli) praesidiis ipsoque Henry VI of Lancaster (*1421 – †1471), 1422-1461, 1470-1471 King of England, 1422-1453 King of France (disputed); son of Henry V of Lancaster and Cathrine de Valois (daughter of king of France Charles VI)Anglico regeHenry VI of Lancaster (*1421 – †1471), 1422-1461, 1470-1471 King of England, 1422-1453 King of France (disputed); son of Henry V of Lancaster and Cathrine de Valois (daughter of king of France Charles VI) ad propria remeante, pacis media The French GallisThe French concedit.cf. Sen. Cl. 1.21.1 Hoc dico, cum ab inferioribus petitus violatusque est; nam si, quos pares aliquando habuit, infra se videt, satis vindicatus est

Componitur res auctoritate Eugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) (*1383 – †1447), 1431-1447 PopepontificisEugene IV (Gabriele Condulmer) (*1383 – †1447), 1431-1447 Pope per Niccolò Albergati (*1373 – †1443), Blessed of the Roman Catholic Church, beatified in 1744; 1417-1443 Archbishop of Bologna, 1426-1433 Cardinal, ambassador of several popes, among the others of Pope Eugene IV at the Congress of Arras in 1435apostolicum legatumNiccolò Albergati (*1373 – †1443), Blessed of the Roman Catholic Church, beatified in 1744; 1417-1443 Archbishop of Bologna, 1426-1433 Cardinal, ambassador of several popes, among the others of Pope Eugene IV at the Congress of Arras in 1435 tituli sanctae Crucis BL, MS 18008, f. 43r cardinalem, initur tractatus Atrebatensis, quem sanctum vocitant, decernitur parricidas ubique capiendos et debitis poenis plectendos, crucem marmoream in loco necis erigendam ac ibidem perpetuo venerandam pro rei gestae memoria, coenobium The Carthusians (Ordo Cartusiensis) CarthusiensiumThe Carthusians (Ordo Cartusiensis) pro anima defuncti eo loco, quo cadaver primo quievit et ubi intestina recondita fuere, aedificandum ac debitis redditibus fundandum et instituendum aliasque fundationes in coenobio Carthusiensium apud Dijon, city in France, the capital of the French BurgundyDivionemDijon, city in France, the capital of the French Burgundy, ubi iacet cadaver, fiendas esse. Adiudicantur etiam Philip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of BurgundyPhilippoPhilip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of Burgundy pro se ac heredibus, masculis et feminis, plura dominia, inter quae adsunt County of Mâconcomitatus MatisconensisCounty of Mâcon, County of AuxerreAltitiodorensisCounty of Auxerre ac County of BarBarriCounty of Bar supra SeineSequanamSeine, alia quoque pro impensis belli per ipsum bonum ducem possidenda decernuntur, donec eidem quadringentorum millium aureorum summa persolveretur. Isque Philip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of Burgundybonus duxPhilip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of Burgundy sola quidem Burgundiana potentia fretus tantae virtutis exstiBL, MS 18008, f. 43vtisse legitur, ut numquam victus sed semper victor evaserit. Cuius digna facinora si sigillatim recensenda forent, illud mihi Vergilianum occurreret:

cf. Verg. A. 1.374 “Ante diem clauso componet vesper Olympo”.cf. Verg. A. 1.374

Id quoque testantur gesta Charles of Valois the Bold (*1433 – †1477), 1467-1477 Duke of BurgundyCaroli ducisCharles of Valois the Bold (*1433 – †1477), 1467-1477 Duke of Burgundy, Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae proavi, qui et Philip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of BurgundyPhilippoPhilip the Good (Philippe III de Bourgogne) (*1396 – †1467), 1419-1467 Duke of Burgundy patre adhuc vivente, et eo vita functo, soli Burgundianae potentiae innitens, totiens in The French GallosThe French irruens, cum maxima illorum strage victor evasit saepiusque Louis XI of Valois (*1423 – †1483), 1461-1483 King of FranceFrancorum regemLouis XI of Valois (*1423 – †1483), 1461-1483 King of France ad indecoras pacis condiciones suscipiendas coegit, prout tractatus facti in Péronne, town and castle in northern France, province of Picardie, district of the SommePeronaPéronne, town and castle in northern France, province of Picardie, district of the Somme et Conflans, town in eastern France, Savoie, today a district of AlbertvilleConflensConflans, town in eastern France, Savoie, today a district of Albertville clare demonstrant. Charles of Valois the Bold (*1433 – †1477), 1467-1477 Duke of BurgundyIsCharles of Valois the Bold (*1433 – †1477), 1467-1477 Duke of Burgundy enim adeo bellicosus audaxque fuit, ut “belli fulgur” diceretur. Qui etiam solus nullo extrinsecus accedente praesidio simul The Germans GermanosThe Germans , The French GallosThe French et The Swiss HelvetiosThe Swiss bello vexabat, ipsam orbis monarchiam mente concipiens eiusque voti compos futurus videbatur, ni ipsa morte praeventus apud inhabitants of Lorraine Lothoringosinhabitants of Lorraine malo quidem BL, MS 18008, f. 44r eventu caesus fuisset ac mors inopinata illum praemature sustulisset.

Adduces id etiam in medium, quod Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianus caesarMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, Tuae Maiestatis avus paternus, quem adhuc ante oculos habes, dum in ea, qua nunc exsistis, aetate Mary of Burgundy (*1457 – †1482), 1477-1482 Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Maximilian of Habsburg (the future Emperor Maximilian I)MariaeMary of Burgundy (*1457 – †1482), 1477-1482 Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Maximilian of Habsburg (the future Emperor Maximilian I) Charles of Valois the Bold (*1433 – †1477), 1467-1477 Duke of BurgundyCaroliCharles of Valois the Bold (*1433 – †1477), 1467-1477 Duke of Burgundy filiae aviae tuae paternae matrimonio iungeretur, omnes ferme has Belgiumpatrias BelgicasBelgium cum universa Duchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of HabsburgBurgundiaDuchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of Habsburg a Louis XI of Valois (*1423 – †1483), 1461-1483 King of FranceLudovico undecimo Francorum regeLouis XI of Valois (*1423 – †1483), 1461-1483 King of France occupatas ac inter se divisas et, ut plurimum, a debito fidelitatis distractas, quorundam fidelium subditorum praesidiis adiutus, potissime Citizens of Mechelen MechlinensiumCitizens of Mechelen et Citizens of Antwerp AntverpiensiumCitizens of Antwerp , totiens cum The French GallisThe French confligens victor evasit, Gallos omnes eiecit patriasque ipsas recuperavit et conservavit ac ad debitam subiectionem redegit, quos etiam in Guinegate, village in northern France, site of several battles, the most famous was the "Battle of the Spurs" in 1513; from 1793 called Enguinegatteagro MorinensiGuinegate, village in northern France, site of several battles, the most famous was the "Battle of the Spurs" in 1513; from 1793 called Enguinegatte prosecutus taliter bello vexavit tamque impetuoso conflictu aggressus est, ut tam ingens ipsorum Gallorum caedes ac strages fuerit BL, MS 18008, f. 44v tantaque eorum iactura, quod his annales undique sint repleti. Nec id omittes, facinus quidem memorandum, quod apud SalinsSalinum Sequanorum oppidumSalins emicuit, dum ipsius Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcaesarisMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal ductu et auspicio vix quingenti equites levis armaturae cum paucis peditibus The French GallorumThe French impetum quattuor milium armigerorum gravis armaturae sustinuerunt illis etiam in turpissimam fugam conversis ac partim caesis et vulneratis. Adicies quoque, quod postquam Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcaesarMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal ipse Philip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of CastilefiliiPhilip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of Castile tutelam deseruit, vivente adhuc Frederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German NationFrederico caesareFrederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation eius patre, omni auxilio tum patris, tum filii undique destitutus, nil aliud possidens, quam Tirolcomitatum TyrolisTirol, quem a Sigismund of Austria (*1427 – †1496), 1446-1490 ruler of Tirolpatruo SigismundoSigismund of Austria (*1427 – †1496), 1446-1490 ruler of Tirol obtinuerat, bellum contra Matthias I Corvinus (*1443 – †1490), 1458-1490 King of Hungary, 1469-1490 King of BohemiaMatthiam The Hungarians HungarorumThe Hungarians regemMatthias I Corvinus (*1443 – †1490), 1458-1490 King of Hungary, 1469-1490 King of Bohemia movens, AustriaAustriamAustria per illum tunc occupatam recuperavit ipsique Frederico patri restituit. At demum, dum Frederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German NationpatreFrederick III of Habsburg (*1415 – †1493), 1440 King of the Romans, 1452-1493 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation vita functo ad imperium pervenit, omnem fere Germany (Germania, Niemcy)GermaBL, MS 18008, f. 45rniamGermany (Germania, Niemcy) armis civilibus agitatam iustitiaque carentem ac, ut plurimum, ab oboedientia Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium)imperiiHoly Roman Empire of the German Nation (Empire, Reich, Imperium) distractam, suis prudentia, clementia, magnanimitate ac iustitia, etiam armis roborata, restauravit et ad debitam oboedientiam subiectionemque redegit, politicis moribus debitoque iustitiae cultu permunivit tyrannis et rebellibus explosis ac debellatis, subiectis autem misericorditer ac perbenigne susceptis et relaxatis iuxta illud Vergilianum:

cf. Verg. A. 6.851 Tu regere imperio populos Romane memento.cf. Verg. A. 6.851
cf. Verg. A. 6.852 hae tibi erunt artes pacique imponere morem Hae tibi erunt artes pacisque imponere finem.cf. Verg. A. 6.852 hae tibi erunt artes pacique imponere morem
cf. Verg. A. 6.853 Parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.cf. Verg. A. 6.853

Cuius etiam divi Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcaesarisMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal virtus, magnanimitas, rei militaris disciplina suique corporis praestantia, longa quoque et diuturna in rebus bellicis experientia ac praeclara armorum facinora adeo emicuere, ut in viginti quattuor armorum conflictibus victor exstiterit nec umquam, dum personaliter adfuit, vinci poBL, MS 18008, f. 45vtuit, ut sic invictissimi principis titulum merito acquisierit.

Quod potissime innotuit in eo conflictu, quem contra Citizens of Bohemia BohoemosCitizens of Bohemia , in auxilium probably Ruprecht of the Palatinate (*1481 – †1504), in 1499 he married Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut and was adopted by her father Duke Georg of Bavaria, which then led to the war of succession; 1495-1498 Bishop elect of Freizing (not ordained priest)palatini comitis Rheniprobably Ruprecht of the Palatinate (*1481 – †1504), in 1499 he married Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut and was adopted by her father Duke Georg of Bavaria, which then led to the war of succession; 1495-1498 Bishop elect of Freizing (not ordained priest) adductos, apud Inhabitants of Bavaria BavarosInhabitants of Bavaria habuisse dignoscitur,[20] cuius universum percurrit fama per orbem. In quo brevi peditum manu brevique militum cohorte Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcaesarMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal ipse primus aggressor et invasor suo ductu et auspicio, sua militia, sua magnanimitate suaque animi virtute et audacia, ipsorum Bohoemorum densissimam copiam, fere in decuplum exercitum caesareum excedentem, vicit et prostravit ac post multorum caedem et stragem in turpissimam fugam reddidit.

Itidem novissime, dum sua Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugalmaiestas caesareaMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal Anglorum regi in obsidione Thérouanne, city in northeastern France, Picardy, ca. 60 km W of Lille, seat of bishopric till 1553, when captured and destroyed by the imperial forces; today a small communityMorinensiThérouanne, city in northeastern France, Picardy, ca. 60 km W of Lille, seat of bishopric till 1553, when captured and destroyed by the imperial forces; today a small community fautrix assisteret, suo auspicio, suo ductu suoque consilio quingenti fere equites ex The Spaniards subditisThe Spaniards Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae universum pene The French GallorumThe French equitatum in fugam BL, MS 18008, f. 46r vertit illorum vexillis ac insigniis sublatis et derelictis, inter quos Louis I of Orléans-Longueville (*1480 – †1516), from 1513 Duke of Longueville Ludovicus Aurelianensis dux LongevillaeLouis I of Orléans-Longueville (*1480 – †1516), from 1513 Duke of Longueville pluresque milites ac armatorum duces seu capitanei captivi sunt redditi, quod non nisi ipsius caesaris praesentiae ascribendum est, cuius nominis virtus, prout ab ipsis written over o(?)o(?)isis written over o(?)met captivis detectum fuit, adeo Gallicos milites perterruit, quod quamprimum eis innotuit caesarem The English (Angli) AnglorumThe English (Angli) castris personaliter interesse, sola illius fama perciti viribus omnibus demissis timoreque concussi semimortui viderentur nullam fere salutis spem habentes.

Ut sic errare videantur, qui Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugalcaesarem ipsum MaximilianumMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal infelicem seu, ut aiunt, infortunatum autumant, quo nemo in armis felicior repertus est, ubi personaliter adesse potuit. Quod etsi multa tentasse dignoscatur, quae consummare non potuit, non tamen illius defuit virtus nec id infelicitati est ascribendum, sed aut BL, MS 18008, f. 46v foederatorum perfidiae, aut pollicitorum praesidiorum subtractioni, aut (quod verius censeo) nondum esset hora eius monarchiae restaurandae, quam cf. Vulg. Prv 21:1:1 cor regis in manus Domini Omnipotens ipse, in cuius manu cor regis essecf. Vulg. Prv 21:1:1 cor regis in manus Domini dignoscitur, voluit his artibus in tempus praefinitum reservari interimque Christianorum demerita atque peccata tot bellorum anfractibus corrigere et punire, ut coacti Christicolae in unum conveniant ad ipsamque Christianorum monarchiam intendant.

Si igitur, Rex Catholice, huiusmodi potentiae et divitiae sic disiunctae ac in frustra divisae tantae virtutis fuerint, ut etiam Spain (Hispania)HispaniaSpain (Hispania) sola, Duchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of HabsburgBurgundiaDuchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of Habsburg sola, AustriaAustriaAustria sola a quovis Christianorum rege opprimi nequiverint, et horum unusquisque suis potentia ac divitiis contentus non solum parta[21] conservaverit, sed adauxerit, quis erit ita supinus, qui his omnibus simul iunctis et in te uno horum omnium successore concurrenBL, MS 18008, f. 47rtibus arbitretur quempiam potentia ac divitiis tibi parem aut superiorem fore? Nullus quippe! Quandoquidem teste Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyphilosophoAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy virtus unita potentior sit quam dispersa prout naturali ratione tibi clare repraesentat fasciculus ille sagittarum colligatus, quem prudentissima ac omni orbe[22] famosa Isabella I of Castile (Isabella the Catholic) (*1451 – †1504), Queen of Castile and León; wife of Ferdinand II, King of Aragonregina illa IsabellaIsabella I of Castile (Isabella the Catholic) (*1451 – †1504), Queen of Castile and León; wife of Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, avia tua materna, Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexandrumAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity imitata in suis insigniis deferebat, ostendens iunctum, colligatum ac unitum fasciculum nulla hominis potentia posse disrumpi, separatas autem sagittas ac disiunctas facillime rumpi posse.

Si itaque fasciculum integrum colligatum et unitum servabis, nullus potentia te praecellet, nullus etiam divitiis ac redditibus te aequabit aut superabit, dum tamen in his colligendis ac conservandis antecessorum vestigia sequaris, ut scilicet ipsi quaestores publici proventus suis stipendiis sint contenti et manus habeant abstinentes, fideliterque pecuniam in aerarium referant, privata non expilent BL, MS 18008, f. 47v nec proprium commodum publico bono anteponant.

Multos enim dietim cernimus, qui brevi (quod sine rapina vix fieri potest) ingentes sibi facultates compararunt aut accipiendo unde non oportet, aut non reddendo, quibus oportet. Quibus de causis respublica principis laeditur ipseque princeps pecuniis vacuus nec liberalitatis, nec magnanimitatis officium potest exercere. Quod si de his Tuae Maiestati legitime constiterit, cum etiam iuris praesumptione ex administratione eis commissa acquisivisse censerentur, hi tamquam reipublicae perniciosi coercendi forent lege Iulia repetundarum ac de peculatu, ut male ablata restituerent, et in horum locum alii fideles et probati, viri subrogandi, quorum ope redditus in meliores usus verterentur tuisque necessitatibus succurreretur.

Si demum ad bellicosas gentes ac ad arma capescenda paratas inspicimus, quis inter omnes Christianos reges et principes te BL, MS 18008, f. 48r maior dici poterit? Quem regem hominum possumus iure merito nuncupare, quandoquidem nullum hominum genus ad bellum gerendum tibi deesse possit?

Si enim gravis armaturae milites exquiris, quos in orbe terrarum meliores, firmiores ac militari disciplina magis imbutos comperies, quam tuos The Burgundians BurgundosThe Burgundians , The Belgians BelgasThe Belgians ac The Italians ItalosThe Italians et Siculos cataphractos?

Si autem levis armaturae milites exposcis, quos inter Christicolas agiliores et inter id armorum genus magis edoctos adinvenies, quam tuos The Spaniards HispanosThe Spaniards , etiam ad gravem armaturam aptissimos?

Si etiam inter horum utrumque medium tenentes, nec gravem, nec etiam nimis levem armaturam ferentes milites exigis, habes tuos equites The Germans GermanosThe Germans , quos hastarios vocant, in quibus tantus ordo, tanta animi vis esse dignoscitur, ut nec ordinem rumpere, nec in fugam verti soleant, verum cum gravis armaturae militibus belli pondus sustineant.

Si vero ad pedites recurris, BL, MS 18008, f. 48v habes The Germans GermanosThe Germans pedites, pariter et The Belgians BelgasThe Belgians , qui Germanorum ritus et bellandi mores sequuntur. Hi enim ad belli conflictum quoscumque pedites antecellunt, tantus enim in his ordo, tanta animi vis et audacia, ut nec equitum pondere, nec machinarum irruptione illorum ordo queat infringi, nec horum quispiam, quamdiu vita superest, terga vertere praesumat.

Habes etiam The Spaniards HispanosThe Spaniards pedites agiles, veloces, animosos, bellicosos, nequaquam mortis timidos, in ipso belli conflictu feroces, in expugnandis civitatibus, oppidis, castris ceterisque propugnaculis audaces, firmos ac intrepidos, in illis conservandis prudentes, diligentes ac fideles.

Habes quoque inter hos The Belgians BelgasThe Belgians sagittarios optimos et his similes pixidarios, qui ignitis ictibus acriter percutiunt, ut sic nullum hominum genus tibi desit. Nullus autem ceterorum regum aut principum id sibi potest ascribere, cum horum quispiam bellum parare seu gerere nequeat, nisi aliunde hoBL, MS 18008, f. 49rmines bellicosos, pedites aut equites exquirat.

Habet enim Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of SavoyFrancorum rexFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy milites ad gravem armaturam aptissimos, ad levem nequaquam. Habet et pedites, sed non ordinem servantes nec ad conflictum aptos. Is nisi The Germans GermanosThe Germans habeat pedites aut The Swiss HelvetiosThe Swiss , nequaquam apertum bellum suscipere nec belli conflictum sustinere posset.

Habet Henry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of Yorkrex AngliaeHenry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York milites paucissimos ad gravem armaturam aptos, ad levem autem armaturam nullos. Habet is immensam peditum sagittariorum copiam, gentem quidem ferocem, magnanimam ac bellicosam et, quanto magis horum sanguis spargitur, tanto velocius ferociusque contendunt, ut ipsi morientes propriae mortis sint ultores. Non tamen soli The English (Angli) AngliciThe English (Angli) belli conflictum sustinerent, nisi aliunde militum ac peditum praesidium haberetur.

Habet Louis II Jagiellon (*1506 – †1526), 1516-1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary; son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon King of Bohemia and Hungary, killed in the battle of Mohács, and his third wife, Anne de Foixrex HungarusLouis II Jagiellon (*1506 – †1526), 1516-1526 King of Bohemia and Hungary; son of Ladislaus II Jagiellon King of Bohemia and Hungary, killed in the battle of Mohács, and his third wife, Anne de Foix milites levis armaturae, sed non gravis, pedites quidem feroces, sed non The Germans GermanorumThe Germans ordinem servantes BL, MS 18008, f. 49v nec pondus sustinentes.

Et ut unico concludam verbo, non adest quispiam regum seu principum Christianorum, cui non desit aliquid horum, quae Tuae Maiestati Catholicae supersunt, ut sic nullus armigeris seu hominibus ad arma capescenda paratis te quovis modo praecellere seu aequare possit. Si postremo ad equos, arma et bellorum machinas animum dirigamus, nullus te maior aut tibi par esse poterit, cum ceteri reges ac principes bellum, ut decet, parare ac gerere nequeant, nisi a te tuisque regnis et dominiis horum aliquid assequantur. Tu autem, tamquam omnium horum fons scaturiens, quod aliis deest, concedere potes et pro libito prohibere.

Desunt enim The French FrancorumThe French , The English (Angli) AnglorumThe English (Angli) The Scots ScotorumThe Scots que Francis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy

Henry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York

James V Stuart (*1512 – †1542), 1513-1542 King of Scotland; son of King James IV of Scotland James IV and Margaret Tudor
regibusFrancis I of Valois (*1494 – †1547), 1515-1547 King of France; son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy

Henry VIII Tudor (*1491 – †1547), 1509-1547 King of England; son of Henry VII Tudor and Elizabeth of York

James V Stuart (*1512 – †1542), 1513-1542 King of Scotland; son of King James IV of Scotland James IV and Margaret Tudor
equi omnes ad conflictum apti tam gravis quam levis armaturae, desunt his arma et armorum fabri desuntque etiam bellorum machinae ac omnes metallorum species, ex quibus haec conBL, MS 18008, f. 50rflantur. Tu horum omnium plenus exsistis nec ex his quidquam tibi apud exteros expetendum occurrit.

Habes enim ex his Belgiumpatriis BelgicisBelgium ex Frisia (Friesland), province in the Habsburg NetherlandsFrysiaFrisia (Friesland), province in the Habsburg Netherlands, Flanders (Flandria), county in the Low Countries, part of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, today corresponding to the Belgian provinces of Western Flanders and Eastern Flanders, the region of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen in the Netherlands and part of the Département du Nord in FranceFlandriaFlanders (Flandria), county in the Low Countries, part of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, today corresponding to the Belgian provinces of Western Flanders and Eastern Flanders, the region of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen in the Netherlands and part of the Département du Nord in France ac Holland, county in the Low Countries, today part of the NetherlandsHolandiaHolland, county in the Low Countries, today part of the Netherlands equos ad gravem armaturam potentissimos, firmos et stabiles, ad sustinendum omne belli pondus paratos, qui nedum tibi tuisque militibus sat esse possunt, sed et exteris suppetunt ac suffragantur. Habes etiam ex Spain (Hispania)HispaniaSpain (Hispania) equos omnis generis agiles et feroces, pro levi armatura excellentes, ex Kingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of Aragon

Sicily, island in the Mediterranean Sea, Kingdom ruled by the Habsburgs
duplici autem SiciliaKingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of Aragon

Sicily, island in the Mediterranean Sea, Kingdom ruled by the Habsburgs
equos ad utrumque armorum genus commodiss written over aptiss(?)aptiss(?)commodisscommodiss written over aptiss(?)imos[23] habere dignosceris.

Habes quoque arma tum ad defensionem, tum ad offensionem parata ipsorumque armorum fabros et magistros, in quibus nullus Tuam Maiestatem Catholicam antecellit, ut si gravia ac ponderosa postules arma, haec tibi Brussels (Bruxellae), city in the Low Countries, Duchy of Brabant, since the regency of Mary of Hungary the capital of the Habsburg Netherlands, today the capital of BelgiumBruxellaBrussels (Bruxellae), city in the Low Countries, Duchy of Brabant, since the regency of Mary of Hungary the capital of the Habsburg Netherlands, today the capital of Belgium praestabit qualiacumque habere peroptes, at si leviora arma requiras, praestabit haec Germany (Germania, Niemcy)GermaniaGermany (Germania, Niemcy), quaecumque poposceris. Impenetrabilia BL, MS 18008, f. 50v autem arma et, ut aiunt, fatata ex Innsbruck (Oenipons), city in western Austria, Tyrol, on the Inn riverInsbruckhInnsbruck (Oenipons), city in western Austria, Tyrol, on the Inn river avitae successionis oppido Tyrolensi consequeris.

Habes tandem tum apud The Spaniards HispanosThe Spaniards , tum apud Kingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of AragonNeapolim cs overwrittenss overwritteneu[24] citeriorem SiciliamKingdom of Naples, kingdom covering the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, from 1504 under the Crown of Aragon, tum in his Belgiumpatriis BelgicisBelgium, tum apud dominia avita, tot belli machinas omnis quidem generis, ut nec ad moenia irruenda seu demolienda, nec ad ipsorum moeniorum tuitionem hostiumque propulsationem quispiam regum seu principum tibi anteponendus seu adaequandus exsistat.

Et cum his habes aurifodinas, argentifodinas, cuprum, aes, plumbum ac omnium metallorum genera fabrosque peritissimos ad haec omnia conflanda, in quamcumque speciem dictaveris, ut sic ex Tuae Maiestatis patriis ex dominiisque paternis, maternis ac avitis, tamquam ex Vulcan an ancient Roman god of destructive fire, identified with HephaestusVulcaniVulcan an ancient Roman god of destructive fire, identified with Hephaestus officina omnis metallorum species educatur et ad quos voles, transmittatur, ac quibus decreveris, denegetur.

Quo fit, Rex Catholice, ut his omnibus diligenti animadversione perpensis cogamur omnino necesBL, MS 18008, f. 51rsario profiteri, neminem inter Christianos principes te maiorem neminemque tibi adaequandum ad ipsam novissimam monarchiam obtinendam, neminem etiam, qui congruentius ad hunc Christianorum triumphum electus seu vocatus dici possit, si prophetas, si scripturas, si astra, si fata, si reliquas inferiores qualitates inspicimus.

Verum, Rex Catholice, quemadmodum philosophorum ille princeps Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristotelesAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexandri MagniAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity praeceptor, ut illum a vitiis, a quibus astrorum influxu inclinabatur, ad virtutes amplectendas ac insequendas diverteret, sapientem astris dominari edocuit, sic vice versa naturali ratione percipimus ac discernimus virtutum etiam inclinationem vitiorum insecutione repelli virtutibusque postergatis vitia in pretio fieri. Cum enim ad bonum et malum liberum nobis collatum sit arbitrium, reicimus plerumque bonorum operum inclinationem, malis tentationibus faciliter inhaerendo BL, MS 18008, f. 51v plerumque etiam ex sola ignavia a rebus magnanimis ac laude dignis nos alienos reddimus, virtutes respuimus ab omnique bono opere retrahimur, torpore ac negligentia correpti.

Roman EmpireImperiumRoman Empire enim magnum habuit incrementum ac postea principum ignavia splendor ille Romani nominis in obscuras tenebras conversus est, tum vel maxime, ubi remissa exercitatione virtutis se voluptatibus et thermis ad effeminanda corpora inventis tradidere.

Idem etiam accidisse pontificali dignitati constat. Sanctitate enim et doctrina, quae non nisi magnis laboribus consumataque virtute comparantur, pontificium decus sine ullis opibus primo quidem auctum est inter tot hostes et obstinatos Christiani nominis, mox vero, ubi cum ipsis opibus lascivire coepit Roman Catholic Church ecclesia DeiRoman Catholic Church , versis eius cultoribus a severitate ad lasciviam peperit nobis tanta licentia peccandi ea monstra et portenta, a quibus ambitione et largitione sanctissima BL, MS 18008, f. 52r Saint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first PopePetriSaint Peter (Simon), one of the Twelve Apostles, considered the first Pope sedes exstitit occupata potius quam possessa.

Ne igitur, Rex Catholice, membra tua torpor invadat, ne segnities te detineat, ne ignavia mentem tuam obnubilet, ne lascivia ac voluptas te retrahat, ne tam excelsum opus tantaque laude dignum tibi caelitus oblatum asperneris, ne prophetas, scripturas, astra, fata ad id triumphum te invitantia effugere videaris, id imprimis curandum est, ut omnium tuorum operum singulare fundamentum sit religio, quia initium sapientiae est timor Domini et in malivolam animam non introibit sapientia, nec habitabit in corpore subdito peccatis. Nihil est enim, quod lumine clariore praefulgeat, quam recta fides in principe, nihil est, quod ita nequeat occasui subiacere, quam vera religio, quia cum auctorem vitae vel luminis utraque respiciant, recte et tenebras respuunt, et nesciunt subiacere defectui. Ad id enim te monet psalmista, dum ait: cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 2:10-12 “Et nunc reges in[25]BL, MS 18008, f. 52vtelligite, erudimini, qui iudicatis terram. Servite Domino in timore et exsultate ei cum tremore. Apprehendite disciplinam, ne quando irascatur Dominus et pereatis de via iusta”cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 2:10-12 .

Deo siquidem nil potentius, nil melius, nil perfectius, nil copiosius, nil gloriosius, nil, quod magis animos nostros delectet inveniri excogitarive potest. Ob quod non parum fidei apud homines sibi comparat, qui et Deum immortalem esse, et omnia posse existimat putatque, quicquid humanum genus providum, acutum, in se praeclarum et excelsum habet, non propria industria et sagacitate, sed divini numinis gratia obtinere.

Ut igitur[26] unus Deus ex instituto Christianae religionis in singulis regnis ac dominiis tuis pie sancteque colatur et adoretur, curandum est, ab omni Christianorum consortio reiectis perfidis The Jews IudaeisThe Jews et The Muslims (Sarraceni) MahometistisThe Muslims (Sarraceni) , pariter et pseudo-Christianis, qui vulgo The Marranos (Marani), contemptuous term for Spanish Jews who had been converted to ChristianityMarBL, MS 18008, f. 53rraniThe Marranos (Marani), contemptuous term for Spanish Jews who had been converted to Christianity dicuntur, ne pecus morbidum fidelem Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament gregem inficiat.

Est enim religio nostra casta ac sancta, non habens superstitionem, ut Iudaica, non aniles fabulas, ut gentilis, non turpitudinem, ut Mahometana. Ad iustitiam nos impellit, ad fortitudinem, ad modestiam, pudorem nobis proponit, pudicitiam, fidem, constantiam, honestatem, contra vero vitare petulantiam, stuprum, fraudationem, furorem, turpitudinem, libidinem, iniquitatem, luxuriam, ignaviam, temeritatem ac scelus omne praeceptis et institutis nos admonet.

Cyrus II the Great (*ca. 600 or ca. 576 BC – †530 BC), 559-530 BC King of Persia, 549-530 BC King of Media, 547-530 BC King of Lydia, 539-530 BC King of BabylonCyroCyrus II the Great (*ca. 600 or ca. 576 BC – †530 BC), 559-530 BC King of Persia, 549-530 BC King of Media, 547-530 BC King of Lydia, 539-530 BC King of Babylon quidem ad avum ms. Aium(!) avumavum ms. Aium(!) Astyages 585-550 BC King of MediaAstiagenAstyages 585-550 BC King of Media ituro haec mandata dat pater Cambyses I the Elder (*600 BC – †559 BC), 580-559 BC King of Persia; father of Cyrus the GreatCambysesCambyses I the Elder (*600 BC – †559 BC), 580-559 BC King of Persia; father of Cyrus the Great, ut apud Xenophon of Athens (*430 BC – †354 BC), Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and philosopher XenophontemXenophon of Athens (*430 BC – †354 BC), Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and philosopher scribitur: “Haec a me discas, fili mi, quae habentur maxima, nihil a te vel publicis, vel privatis in rebus agendum, nisi sacris peractis deorumque voluntate auguriis perfecta et cognita. Humanum enim genus erroribus plenum est, at dii, cum semBL, MS 18008, f. 53vper fuerint cumque omnia norint praesentia, praeterita et futura, invocati adsunt consultationibus hominum, quibus propitii ob pietatem fuerint, signisque ostendunt, quid agere quibusve abstinere oporteat. Quod si noluerint omnibus consultum esse, nil mirum videri debet, nulla enim necessitate urgentur, ut quae nolint, curent”. Hoc autem sanctissimo mandato permotus Cyrus II the Great (*ca. 600 or ca. 576 BC – †530 BC), 559-530 BC King of Persia, 549-530 BC King of Media, 547-530 BC King of Lydia, 539-530 BC King of BabylonCyrusCyrus II the Great (*ca. 600 or ca. 576 BC – †530 BC), 559-530 BC King of Persia, 549-530 BC King of Media, 547-530 BC King of Lydia, 539-530 BC King of Babylon nil umquam aut privatim, aut publice egit, quod ad regem pertineret, quin prius litaret comparataque victoria sacrificando diis gratias ageret. Tantumque bene instituti regis exemplum valuit, ut inhabitants of Persia gens Persaruminhabitants of Persia , ferox antea et indocta, ad bonam frugem brevi redigeretur.

Numquam etiam bella suscepit David (*ca. 1040 BC – †ca. 970 BC), according to the Bible (the Books of Samuel) the second king of Israel and JudahDavidDavid (*ca. 1040 BC – †ca. 970 BC), according to the Bible (the Books of Samuel) the second king of Israel and Judah ille fortissimus, qui et Goliath GoliamGoliath singulari certamine superavit, et Philistines (Philistaei, Philistini) gentesPhilistines (Philistaei, Philistini) finitimas The Jews IudaeisThe Jews infestas domuit, nisi prius sacrificia Deo Maximo exhibuisset, parta autem victoria hymnos statim cecinit eidem gratias agens, ut ostendeBL, MS 18008, f. 54rret Dei benignitate et gratia, non suis meritis, tantam felicitatem consecutum fuisse.

At Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristotelesAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy ad Antipater (*ca. 397 BC – †319 BC), Macedonian general in the service of Kings Philip II and Alexander the GreatAntipatrumAntipater (*ca. 397 BC – †319 BC), Macedonian general in the service of Kings Philip II and Alexander the Great scribens hominem rogat, ut Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexandrumAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity MacedonMacedoniaeMacedon regem moneat, ne tot victoriis elatus deum contemnat, cuius nutu omnia moventur.

Tanta enim est religionis vis et observatio humanae pietatis erga superos, ut homines deos qualescumque recta intentione colentes feliciores sint habiti tantamque auctoritatem hac una re compararunt, ut populos quoquo voluerint, facile impulerint, ut de Numa Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of RomeNuma PompilioNuma Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of Rome legitur, qui populum ferocem Romulus RomuliRomulus imperio religione iniecta ad meliorem cultum redegit, deposita saevitia illa et rusticitate.

Hinc Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus) (*86 – †161), 138-161 Roman EmperorAntoninus Pius imperatorAntoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus) (*86 – †161), 138-161 Roman Emperor tanta religione, pietate, clementia ac modestia imbutus exstitit, ut cum ipso Numa Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of RomeNuma PompilioNuma Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of Rome bonorum omnium sententia comparetur. Qui ob id Pii cognomentum meruit obtinere.

Constantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman EmperorConstanBL, MS 18008, f. 54vtinusConstantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman Emperor etiam imperator, ubi honestatem Christianae religionis intellexit, quia servare parsimoniam, paupertate gaudere, mansuetudinem colere, paci studere, simplicitate et constantia uti iubemur, eam religionem ita complexus est, ut iturus ad bellum non alio quam crucis signo uteretur, quod sereno caelo, dum in Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius) (*ca. 278 – †312), 306-312 Roman EmperorMazentium(!)Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius) (*ca. 278 – †312), 306-312 Roman Emperor tyrannum copias movet, et viderat, et adoraverat, astantesque angelos audierat dicentes: “Constantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman EmperorConstantineConstantine the Great (Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (*ca. 272 – †337), 306-337 Roman Emperor, hoc signo vinces”. Quod et fecit ac tyrannos omnes a cervicibus The Romans populi RomaniThe Romans Christianorumque omnium depulit. Clavos per Saint Helena (*ca. 250 – †ca. 330), mother of Emperor Constantine the Great; Roman Empress as the wife of Constantius ChlorusHelenamSaint Helena (*ca. 250 – †ca. 330), mother of Emperor Constantine the Great; Roman Empress as the wife of Constantius Chlorus matrem cum adinventa cruce ad se delatos, quibus Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament corpus crucifixum fuerat, horum unum in frenum equi transtulit, quo in proelio uteretur, alio pro cono galeae utebatur, tertium in Adriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Seamare HadriaticumAdriatic (Superum Mare, Illiricum Mare), sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea, ut ait Ambrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of MilanAmbrosiusAmbrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of Milan, ad compescendas saevientis maris procellas deiecit. Illa autem crucis pars, quam Saint Helena (*ca. 250 – †ca. 330), mother of Emperor Constantine the Great; Roman Empress as the wife of Constantius ChlorusHelenaSaint Helena (*ca. 250 – †ca. 330), mother of Emperor Constantine the Great; Roman Empress as the wife of Constantius Chlorus in thecis argenteis secum detulerat, gemBL, MS 18008, f. 55rmis et auro distincta in basilica Sessoriana collocatur ad ipsius religionis cultum.

Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) (*347 – †395), 379-395 Roman EmperorTheodosiusTheodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) (*347 – †395), 379-395 Roman Emperor quoque imperator tantae fuit religionis, ut cum Milan (Mediolanum, Milano), city in northern ItalyMediolaniMilan (Mediolanum, Milano), city in northern Italy existens ingredi vellet ecclesiam mysteria visurus, per Ambrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of MilanAmbrosiumAmbrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of Milan prohibitus ob quoddam facinus ab ecclesiae ingressu, nisi paeniteret, ita ob religionis cultum aequo animo id tulit, ut ultra ipsi Ambrosio gratias egerit et publice paenituerit, exstantque in huius laudem Claudian (Claudius Claudianus) (*ca. 370 – †ca. 404), Roman poet, who worked for Emperor Honorius and the latter's general StilichoClaudianiClaudian (Claudius Claudianus) (*ca. 370 – †ca. 404), Roman poet, who worked for Emperor Honorius and the latter's general Stilicho carmina, qui cum Theodosius ipse singulari celeritate et consilio usus tyrannos statim oppressisset, id religioni ac divino auxilio ascribens, sic ait:

O nimium dilecte Deo, tibi militat aether,
Et coniurati veniunt ad classica venti, etc.[27]

At Tiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus) (*520 – †582), 574-582 Roman EmperorTiberius SecundusTiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus) (*520 – †582), 574-582 Roman Emperor, qui Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianoJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor[28] per adoptionem in imperio successit, omnibus ornamentis, quae in optimo principe requiruntur, dotatus, inter ceteras eius virtutes adeo religionis cultor et in pauperes pius ac liberalis BL, MS 18008, f. 55v apparuit, ut ob id Dominus largas opes ei subministraverit. Dum enim semel per aedes suas contentius inambularet, cernens in pavimento crucem marmoream, eam religionis causa, ne pedibus conculcaretur, auferri iussit meliorique loco atque honestiore reponi. Post hanc vero una atque altera inventa est, sub qua tantam vim auri ac argenti reperit, quantam hominis beneficentia requirebat, cuius quidem magnam partem pauperibus erogavit.

Ut igitur, Rex Catholice, ad hanc monarchiam Deo duce fatisque iubentibus pervenias, Deum, ut facis, super omnia time, illius mandata observa. Inter quae (licet id tibi et natura insitum, et praeceptis traditum, et voluntate confirmatum esse non ambigam, non tam monendi quam memorandi et ex superinscribedexex superinscribedh written over ...... illegible...... illegiblehh written over ...ortandi causa) illud divinum praeceptum servare curabis, quo parentes honorare iubemur, cum natura ad id nos moneat, ut diis et parentibus ac patriae debeBL, MS 18008, f. 56ramus, diis maxime et parentibus, a quibus omnem essentiam trahimus et sine quibus nequaquam esse possumus. Ex ipsorum enim written over ...... illegible...... illegibleenimenim written over ...[29] parentum sanguinibus divina ordinatione anima prius infusa concipimur, generamur corpusque suscipimus, ab his, postquam[30] in lucem prodire datur, educamur ipsamque humanam substantiam accipimus.

Age igitur, ut erga Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianum caesaremMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, avum tuum paternum tuique defuncti Philip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of CastilepatrisPhilip I of Castile (*1478 – †1506), 1482-1506 Duke of Burgundy, 1506 King of Castile nunc locum obtinentem, talem te exhibeas, quales erga te liberos habere cupis. Utaris, ut decet, Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugaleiusMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal consilio, suis monitis (quoad fieri potest) obtemperare curato, rebus suis, immo tuis, illius ductu ac auspicio gerendis pro viribus auxiliare. Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalHuncMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal colas, observes ac omni honore prosequaris. Nullum arbitreris, qui tibi fidelius ac sincerius sit consulturus, nullum, qui honorem tuum et commodum magis habeat commendatum, in quo omnis eius gloria consistit, nullum, qui maBL, MS 18008, f. 56viori te prosequatur amore, nullum, qui plus commodi minusque detrimenti tibi afferre possit, quam Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalisMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, cuius omnia ad te sunt perventura, cuius futurus es haeres. Qui, ut praediximus, etiam Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugaleoMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal vivente, suorum omnium dominus censeris unaque et eadem persona cum illo diiudicaris, qui cogitatus omnes suos post Deum ad te unum refert, nihil nisi de salute tua atque incrementis cogitans. Sit igitur, ut decet, una mens, unus animus, unum cor eademque voluntas.[31] Dicas aperte: cf. Vulg. Io 10:30 “Ego et Pater unum sumus”cf. Vulg. Io 10:30 , nec solum id verbo proferas, sed effectu ac operibus palam facias.

Ut autem his magis insistas faciliusque ad optata pervenias, conspicias, quaeso, quibus artibus quibusque mediis imperarunt, qui antea hanc orbis monarchiam obtinuere iri(?), illorumque vestigia sequere.

Sit tibi ante oculos tamquam speculum in aenigmate figuratum Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexander ille MaximusAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity Philip II of Macedon (*382 BC – †336 BC), 359-336 BC King of Macedon; father of Alexander the GreatPhilippi Macedonum regisPhilip II of Macedon (*382 BC – †336 BC), 359-336 BC King of Macedon; father of Alexander the Great filius, qui BL, MS 18008, f. 57r etiam adolescens regno potitus ac ad ipsam orbis monarchiam evectus, nil actum sibi in tanto rerum fastigio putavit, nisi prudentes et philosophos, doctosque viros ac omni doctrina refertos penes se haberet, quorum consilio, ac monitis uteretur, pariter historicos et poetas, qui eius res gestas aeternitati commendarent.

Accitis itaque magnis pecuniis ac muneribus et pollicitationibus philosophis et doctis omnibus, cum ventum esset ad Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDiogenem illum CynicumDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher, qui spretis omnibus fortunae bonis dolio pro domo utebatur, sola rerum divinarum ac humanarum contemplatione contentus, instarentque legati, ut ad Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexandrumAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity proficisceretur aut saltim eius dona acciperet, utrumque se facturum renuit. Tum Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexanderAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity, nec indignatus quidem ob talem contumaciam, sumpto egregio comitatu ad hominem nudum et sola contemplatione gaudentem proficiscitur sciscitatus Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDiogenemDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher, quid a se vellet. “Hoc tantum – inquit – ut BL, MS 18008, f. 57v abscedas nec mihi umbram facias”, in sole enim nudus apricabatur. At indignantibus, qui tum aderant, quod nec Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityregiAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity assurrexisset, nec eos plus quam umbras hominis fecisset, ita rex inquit: “Non est, cur Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDiogenemDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher contemnatis, nisi enim Alexander essem, personam Diogenis subire non recusarem”. Tanti enim Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherilliusDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher doctrinam magnifaciebat, ut arbitratus fuerit philosophum ipsum secundum a se principe orbis terrarum locum obtinere.

Ad Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianum etiam The Romans RomanorumThe Romans imperatoremJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor oculos inicias. Qui tanti ingenii tantaeque doctrinae fuisse dignoscitur, ut imperatoriam maiestatem non solum armis decoratam, sed etiam legibus armatam esse oportere censuerit, summam quidem reipublicae tuitionem de stirpe armorum atque legum venire vimque suam exinde munire sentiens, ita ut alterum alterius auxilio semper eguerit, cum et militaris res legibus in tuto collocetur, et ipsae leges armorum praesidio serventur. Is doctissimorum virorum BL, MS 18008, f. 58r Ioannes Patritius Ioannis PatritiiIoannes Patritius ex-quaestoris ms. exquaestoris(!) ex-quaestorisex-quaestoris ms. exquaestoris(!) et consularis, Leontius LeontiiLeontius et Phocas lawyer employed by Roman Emperor JustinianPhocaePhocas lawyer employed by Roman Emperor Justinian magistrorum militum et consularium, Basilides BasilidisBasilides , Thomas ThomaeThomas , Constantinus ConstantiniConstantinus , Tribunianus lawyer employed by Roman Emperor JustinianTribunianiTribunianus lawyer employed by Roman Emperor Justinian, Dorotheus (fl. ca.501 - ca.550)DorotheiDorotheus (fl. ca.501 - ca.550), Theophilus TheophiliTheophilus , Dioscorus DioscoriDioscorus et Presentinus lawyer employed by Roman Emperor JustinianPresentiniPresentinus lawyer employed by Roman Emperor Justinian, omnium iurisconsultorum, quos in pretio habebat, consilio fretus, leges Romanas sparsas et incompositas ad hominum utilitatem in ordinem redegit, ita ut illud librorum pelagus, illam legum effrenatam multitudinem, quae in librorum duo milia, versuum autem tricentena milia se extendebat, ad tria, dumtaxat Digestorum seu Pandectarum, volumina quinquaginta libris distincta redegerit. Imperiales vero constitutiones, quae tribus codicibus, Gregoriano, Hermogeniano et Theodosiano continebantur, in unum ipsius Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianiJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor codicem, duodecim libris distinctum, superfluis constitutionibus resecatis ceterisque diligenter emendatis transtulerit.

Horum igitur mores amplectendo vestigiaque sequendo, Rex Catholice, doBL, MS 18008, f. 58vctrinae cultor existas, quia, ut ait Vegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus), Roman writer of late fourth century AD, author of Epitoma rei militaris and Digesta Artis MulomedicinaeVegetiusVegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus), Roman writer of late fourth century AD, author of Epitoma rei militaris and Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae “De re militari”, nullus est, quem oporteat vel plura, vel meliora scire, quam principem, cuius doctrina debet omnibus prodesse subiectis.[32] Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexanderAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity enim exiguam manum militarem suscepit a Philip II of Macedon (*382 BC – †336 BC), 359-336 BC King of Macedon; father of Alexander the GreatpatrePhilip II of Macedon (*382 BC – †336 BC), 359-336 BC King of Macedon; father of Alexander the Great, sed doctrina, qua orbem terrarum aggressus, innumeras hostium copias fudit. Unde, ut inquit Policrat<ic>us, Romanos imperatores et duces, dum eorum respublica viguit, non memini fuisse illiteratos. Et nescio, quomodo contingit, ex quo desiit in principibus virtus litterarum, manus armatae militiae infirmata est, et ipsius principatus est quasi praecisa radix.[33]

Sicque enixe e adscribedee adscribedlaborandum est, Rex Catholice, ut pro doctrina acquirenda doctos viros omni munerum genere attrahas, allicias ac in pretio habeas.

Non eos quidem, qui ambitione et arrogantia quadam ultro se offerunt, magnifacias, sed potius illos, qui a curiae curis se alienos reddunt, qui praefecturas, qui diBL, MS 18008, f. 59rgnitates, qui munera renuunt, tamquam Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDiogenemDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher exquiras ceterisque omnibus anteponas. Moses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophetMoysesMoses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet enim, ut in antiquitate Iudaica legimus, praefecturam recusabat[34], at eam Dominus suscipere coegit. Saul SaulSaul quoque regni gubernacula renuebat, demum vero collum iugo submittere cogitur. Horum autem admodum dissimilis fuit Absalom (Avshalom), biblical figure; third son of David, King of Israel, husband of Maachah, daughter of Talmai, King of GeshurAbsalonAbsalom (Avshalom), biblical figure; third son of David, King of Israel, husband of Maachah, daughter of Talmai, King of Geshur, David (*ca. 1040 BC – †ca. 970 BC), according to the Bible (the Books of Samuel) the second king of Israel and JudahDavidDavid (*ca. 1040 BC – †ca. 970 BC), according to the Bible (the Books of Samuel) the second king of Israel and Judah regis filius, qui ambitione et largitione potentiam quaerens, patri etiam arma palam intulit.[35] Eos igitur, qui dignitates appetunt et ambiunt, omnino repellendos censeas, aut potius, si id pretio exquirant, lege Iulia de ambitu coercendos. Taeterrimum quidem vitium est ambitio, quae iustitiam fidemque e medio tollit. Unde praeclare scriptum est apud Plato ancient Greek philosopherPlatonemPlato ancient Greek philosopher similiter facere eos, qui inter se contenderent, uter potius rempublicam administraret, ut si nautae in periculo certarent, quis eorum potissimum gubernaret. Officia enim ac imperia, ut ait Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, non sunt expetenda, sed potius non acciBL, MS 18008, f. 59vpienda aut nonnumquam deponenda, vel si tantum pondus suscipitur, omnis ambitio vitanda est.

Sanxere veteres The Romans RomaniThe Romans legem illam ambitus, qua ardor ille imperandi mentibus hominum insitus comprimeretur, primumque locum in libera republica ille obtineret, qui sciret cupiditatibus imperare, refrenare libidines, spernere voluptates[36], iracundiam tenere, avaritiam coercere ceterasque animi labes repellere. Melius est enim cogere bonos viros ad honores dignitatesque gerendas, quam ambitiosis pretio pecuniaque concedere. cf. De emptione Non enim emunt, ut inquit probably Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperorlegislatorprobably Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor, nisi ut postea carius vendant.cf. De emptione

Eos itaque ad dignitates, ad honores, ad officia, ad praefecturas, ad tibi rebusque tuis consulendum, ad res tuas bene ac prudenter disponendas, ad rempublicam recte gubernandam, ad populos iuste ac sancte regendum ad omniumque virtutum specimen assumere curabis consiliarios ac iudices, quales docet, assumendos Altitonantis sententia, dum per os Jethro (Reuel), biblical figure, father-in-law of MosesIetroJethro (Reuel), biblical figure, father-in-law of Moses socero written over servoservo socero socero written over servo suo Moses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophetMoysiMoses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet {Moysi} BL, MS 18008, f. 60r loquens sic ait: cf. Vulg. Ex 18:21-23 provide autem de omni plebe viros potentes et timentes Deum in quibus sit veritas et qui oderint avaritiam et constitue ex eis tribunos et centuriones et quinquagenarios et decanos qui iudicent populum omni tempore quicquid autem maius fuerit referant ad te et ipsi minora tantummodo iudicent leviusque tibi sit partito in alios onere si hoc feceris implebis imperium Dei et praecepta eius poteris sustentare et omnis hic populus revertetur cum pace ad loca sua “Provide autem de omni plebe viros sapientes, alias praepotentes et timentes Deum, in quibus sit veritas et qui oderint avaritiam, et constitue ex eis tribunos et centuriones, quinquagenarios et decanos, qui iudicent populo omni tempore. Quicquid autem maius fuerit, referant ad te et ipsi minora tantummodo iudicent, leviusque sit tibi partito in alios onere. Si hoc feceris, implebis imperium domini et praecepta eius poteris sustentare, et omnis hic populus revertetur ad loca sua cum pace”cf. Vulg. Ex 18:21-23 provide autem de omni plebe viros potentes et timentes Deum in quibus sit veritas et qui oderint avaritiam et constitue ex eis tribunos et centuriones et quinquagenarios et decanos qui iudicent populum omni tempore quicquid autem maius fuerit referant ad te et ipsi minora tantummodo iudicent leviusque tibi sit partito in alios onere si hoc feceris implebis imperium Dei et praecepta eius poteris sustentare et omnis hic populus revertetur cum pace ad loca sua . O aurea sententia, o verba divina et caelestis succi plena, o mellifluum antidotum ad principem recte disponendum, ad sanitatem reipublicae praeparandam, ad regna, dominia ac imperia conservanda et emendanda.

Nam, si singula huius divinae sententiae verba singillatim, particulariter distincteque ponderemus et perscrutemur, nihil in his est, quod secum maximam frugalitatem non trahat, nullumque in ea sententia verbum, quod BL, MS 18008, f. 60v longa commentatione non indigeat.

Dum enim in ipsa divina sententia edocetur Moses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophetMoysesMoses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, ut assumat et “provideat de omni plebe viros”, verba illa non ita superficialiter ruditerque intelligenda putes, ut de omni colluvie hominum consiliarios et magistratus assumere debeas, nec quod plebeis dignitates et officia conferantur, cum potius ex vera nobilitate, quae a propria aut progenitorum virtute procedit, sint ad id deligendi. Consentaneum namque est nobiliores animo et ex melioribus ortos meliores futuros tum ad imperandum, tum ad parendum. Verum verba ipsa de omni plebe spiritualiter et mystice intellecta denotant concordis consilii unitatem, de qua in Actibus Apostolorum, dum dicitur: cf. Vulg. Act 4:32 Multitudinis autem credentium erat cor unum et anima una : nec quisquam eorum quæ possidebat, aliquid suum esse dicebat, sed erant illis omnia communia “Erat eis unum cor et una anima”cf. Vulg. Act 4:32 Multitudinis autem credentium erat cor unum et anima una : nec quisquam eorum quæ possidebat, aliquid suum esse dicebat, sed erant illis omnia communia . Consilii enim regis seu principis debet esse una ordinata intentio, unum propositum, ut respublica bene gubernetur, et qui omnem plebem diligant sine acceptatione personarum. Potest etiam congrue BL, MS 18008, f. 61r intelligi, ut ipsi consiliarii et magistratus eligantur de omni plebe, id est de omni natione regi seu principi subiecta, ut sic Tua Maiestas Catholica pro Spain (Hispania)regnis HispanisSpain (Hispania) habeat The Spaniards HispanosThe Spaniards consiliarios et eorum quidem regnorum rebus instructos ac edoctos, pro Italy (Italia)regnis ac dominiis ItalisItaly (Italia)The Italians ItalosThe Italians , pro Germany (Germania, Niemcy)GermanisGermany (Germania, Niemcy)The Germans GermanosThe Germans , pro BelgiumBelgisBelgiumThe Belgians BelgasThe Belgians ac pro Duchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of HabsburgBurgundisDuchy of Burgundy, duchy in central and eastern France, consisting of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was annexed by France in 1477, and the County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne), from 1482 ruled by the House of HabsburgThe Burgundians BurgundosThe Burgundians , et sic de singulis deinceps acquirendis ut continuo tibi adsint consiliarii, qui et patriarum leges ac mores didicerint et subditorum qualitates ac naturam non ignorent, ne sub incerto vagari contingat et ne incognita pro cognitis assumantur. Sic enim nihil temere ageretur, sic omnis plebs omnisque populus in officio contineretur.

Dum autem in ipsa divina sententia dicit “viros”, significat consiliarios debere esse virtuosos, vir enim a virtute dictus est. Omnem namque virtutem magistratus ac consiliarii amplecti debent, quandoquidem BL, MS 18008, f. 61v, ut pulchre inquit Ambrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of MilanAmbrosiusAmbrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of Milan, in inquirendis consiliis plurimum valet vitae probitas, virtutum praerogativa, benevolentiae usus, facilitatis gratia[37], et subdit: “Supra me esse debet, cui me submittere paro. Quomodo enim potero iudicare consilio superiorem, quem video moribus inferiorem? Aut eum idoneum putabo, qui mihi det consilium, quod non dedit sibi? Et eum mihi vacare credam, qui non vacat sibi, cuius animum voluptates occupant, libido devincit, avaritia demergit, cupiditas turbat?”.[38] Praestantior esse debet, a quo petitur consilium, ut exemplo, et usu paratior sit, praesentia solvat, praeterita denuntiet, pericula imminentia expediat, remedium ferat et paratus sit non ad solvendum tantum, sed ad subveniendum.[39] Non enim potest esse consilio bonus, qui ita vixit, ut ab omnibus malus reputetur, nec fieri potest, ut quispiam prudens sit habendus, nisi idem BL, MS 18008, f. 62r sit bonus, cum virtus sit habitus ratione determinatus,[40] et ipsa recta ratio prudentia nuncupetur, quae est divinarum humanarumque rerum cognitio.

“Sapientia” quoque adiungenda est teste Plato ancient Greek philosopherPlatonePlato ancient Greek philosopher, qui tunc ait beatas fore respublicas, si docti ac sapientes homines eas regerent, qui omne suum studium in sapientia ac doctrina collocassent. Quales fuisse Roman Republic (Libera res publica Romana)RomaeRoman Republic (Libera res publica Romana) Scipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus) (*185 BC – †129 BC)P. ScipionemScipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus) (*185 BC – †129 BC), Gaius Laelius Sapiens (*ca. 188 BC – †after 129 BC)C. LeliumGaius Laelius Sapiens (*ca. 188 BC – †after 129 BC), Cato the Elder (Marcus Porcius Cato) (*234 BC – †149 BC), Roman statesman, military commander, writer and orator; 195 BC consul of the Roman Republic (with Lucius Valerius Flaccus); author of such Latin-language works as "Origines" and "De agri cultura"M. CatonemCato the Elder (Marcus Porcius Cato) (*234 BC – †149 BC), Roman statesman, military commander, writer and orator; 195 BC consul of the Roman Republic (with Lucius Valerius Flaccus); author of such Latin-language works as "Origines" and "De agri cultura" accepimus, Sparta, city-state in ancient Greece, on the Peloponnese peninsula SpartaeSparta, city-state in ancient Greece, on the Peloponnese peninsula Lycurgus of Sparta LicurgumLycurgus of Sparta , Athens (Athenae), city-state in ancient GreeceAthenisAthens (Athenae), city-state in ancient Greece Solon (*ca. 638 BC – †ca. 558 BC)SolonemSolon (*ca. 638 BC – †ca. 558 BC). Illa enim pars sapientiae, quae, ut Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherM. TullioCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher placet, in veri cognitione versatur, maxime naturam attingit humanam, isque merito sapiens ac prudens haberi debet, qui in quavis re videre et explicare potest, quid verum quidve falsum sit.

Sicut enim prudentia facit, ut res omnes expetendas fugiendasque cognoscamus, ita sapientia, ne omnino idem esse cum prudentia videatur, principium est cognoscendi res omnes BL, MS 18008, f. 62v exactissime contemplandas secundum The Peripatetics a school of philosophy in ancient Greece, founded by AristotleperipateticosThe Peripatetics a school of philosophy in ancient Greece, founded by Aristotle. Nec potest virtutis habitus sine sapientia comparari, quae nos a libidinum impetu, a vano terrore, a fortunae iniuriis non modo liberat, verum etiam omnes vias docet, quae ad beatitudinem ducunt, huiusque virtutis tota laus in actione consistit.

Diligentia etiam ad consiliarios et magistratus pertinet, ne per moram oportunitatem rerum bene gerendarum amittamus. Celeritas enim rerum conficiendarum in exsequendo necessaria est, qua usum legimus Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorIulium CaesaremCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator, qui mira celeritate fere universum orbem subegit. Unde Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero in proverbiis inquit: “Diu delibera, cito facito”[41], ostendens deliberationem maturandam, exsecutionem vero diligenter accelerandam.

His etiam providentia convenit, ut in omni consultatione publica id potissime animadvertamus, fierine possit, quod proponitur, facultatesne habeamus BL, MS 18008, f. 63r et adminicula? Alias enim inanis esset omnis nostra cogitatio veniremusque ad id, quod a sapiente viro longe remotum esse debet, ut dicendum sit “Non putaram”.

Humanitas quoque ipsis magistratibus ac consiliariis optime congruit, ut gubernantes provinciam facilitate utantur in adeundo, lenitate in respondendo. Nihil enim est, quod aeque magistratum carum et acceptum omni plebi faciat, quam ipsa comitas, cui non sine causa bonitas, liberalitas et amicitia connexae sunt. Quibus profecto ex rebus conciliari hominum benevolentia solet, ut e contra morositate, duritate et acerbitate amittitur. Et ut superbia rempublicam labefactat, ita humanitas labefactatam aliquando confirmat omnemque contumaciam interdum frangit et ad sanitatem male sentientes traducit. cf. Iust. Dig. 1.18.19 Obseruandum est ius reddenti, ut in adeundo quidem facilem se praebeat, sed contemni non patiatur. unde mandatis adicitur, ne praesides prouinciarum in ulteriorem familiaritatem prouinciales admittant: nam ex conuersatione aequali contemptio dignitatis nascitur. Unde Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperoriureconsultusJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor id sentiens admonet praesidem, ut facilem se praebeat.cf. Iust. Dig. 1.18.19 Obseruandum est ius reddenti, ut in adeundo quidem facilem se praebeat, sed contemni non patiatur. unde mandatis adicitur, ne praesides prouinciarum in ulteriorem familiaritatem prouinciales admittant: nam ex conuersatione aequali contemptio dignitatis nascitur.

Accedit BL, MS 18008, f. 63v his caritas, omnium virtutum fundamentum, teste Ambrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of MilanAmbrosioAmbrosius, Saint (*339 – †397), one of the four doctors of the Catholic Church; 374-379 bishop of Milan,[42] ut scilicet aliis non faciant nec fieri patiantur, quod eis fieri nollent, diligendo proximum sicut se ipsum.

Fides quoque ita his inesse debet, ne illam violari quovismodo patiantur, quia, ut scribit Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, cf. Cic. Amic. 65 nihil est enim stabile, quod infidum est nihil est stabile, quod infidum sitcf. Cic. Amic. 65 nihil est enim stabile, quod infidum est . Et inquit Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero: cf. Sen. Thy. 215-217 ubi non est pudor / nec cura iuris sanctitas, pietas, fides, / instabile regnum est “Ubi non pudor nec cura iuris, sanctitas, pietas, fides, instabile regnum est”.cf. Sen. Thy. 215-217 ubi non est pudor / nec cura iuris sanctitas, pietas, fides, / instabile regnum est . Ut enim placet Policrat<ic>o, tria fecerunt The Romans RomanosThe Romans esse gentium victores: scientia, exercitatio et fides.[43] Et quia cf. Iust. Dig. 13.5.1 grave est fidem fallerecf. Iust. Dig. 13.5.1 teste Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperoriurisconsultoJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor, non solum ipsi[44] magistratus et consiliarii fidem observent, sed ita agant, ut iuramenta, pacta et conventiones hinc inde serventur, nedum tibi tuisque subditis, sed exteris etiam et peregrinis, et ut in emendis vendendisque rebus, in contrahendo, locando, conducendo nulla fraude nulloque dolo malo utantur.

Hostibus[45] quoque fides BL, MS 18008, f. 64r servanda est, ut iura nostra testantur et etiam sacris canonibus decretum est. Quod fecisse legimus Regulus (Marcus Atilius Regulus) M. RegulumRegulus (Marcus Atilius Regulus) , unicum inviolatae fidei exemplum, is enim CarthageCarthaginemCarthage redire maluit ad certam poenam subeundam, quam datam fidem violare. Fides enim iustitiae fundamentum exsistit. Qua deficiente statim dissolvitur ea pars iustitiae, quae in societate humana reposita[46] est.

Subiungenda est his fortitudo, omnium virtutum robur et vallum, ea scilicet, quae animi magis quam corporis viribus comprehenditur, ut sciat quis se ipsum vincere, iram continere, nullis illecebris capi, adversis non perturbari, nec extolli secundis et quasi vento huc et illuc impelli. Nam, qui cupiditatibus vincitur, qui metu frangitur, qui ira perturbatur, uti certo consilio non potest.

His tandem addenda est temperantia, cuius proprium est motus appetentis animi sedare ac regere semperque adversantem libiBL, MS 18008, f. 64vdini moderatam in omni re praebere constantiam. Sicque curandum, ne ad consulendum seu iudicandum quis iratus accedat, quia mediocritatem illam tenere non posset, quae est inter nimium et parum. Qui enim consulunt aut iudicant seu magistratus obtinent, si fieri potest, legum omnino persimiles esse debent, quae ad puniendum non iracundia, sed aequitate ducuntur.

Sint itaque, quos delegeris consultores et magistratus, legem quidem loquentes, ut ait Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, boni, modesti, continentes, iusti, fortes, prudentes, abstinentes et a quovis flagitio alieni, teneantque diiudicandi, consulendi ac imperandi modum.[47] Tueri enim debent, ut ait Plato ancient Greek philosopherPlatoPlato ancient Greek philosopher, commoditatem subditorum et, quidquid agunt, ad eam referre obliti commodorum suorum. Totum praeterea reipublicae corpus curare debent, ne dum partem aliquam tuentur, reliquas deserant. Nam qui parti BL, MS 18008, f. 65r consulunt, partem negligunt, rem sane perniciosam inducunt – seditionem atque discordiam.

Si igitur Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae consiliarii, si hi, qui dignitates, qui praefecturas obtinent, si magistratus, quibus iudicandi munus est concessum, his omnibus virtutibus sint suffulti, illos vere viros, quales ipsa divina sententia exigit, nuncupare poterimus.

Dum vero ipsa divina sententia non solum “viros”, sed etiam “sapientes seu praepotentes” eligendos ostendit, si habeas in littera “sapientes”, significat, quod praediximus super verbo “viros”, cum de sapientia mentionem fecimus.

Si vero habeas in littera “praepotentes”, significat animositatem et magnanimitatem, quae in ipsis consiliariis ac magistratibus esse debet teste Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) EcclesiasteKohelet (Ecclesiastes) , dum ait: cf. Vulg. Sir 7:6 noli quaerere fieri iudex nisi si valeas virtute inrumpere iniquitates “Noli fieri iudex, nisi virtute valeas irrumpere iniquitatem”cf. Vulg. Sir 7:6 noli quaerere fieri iudex nisi si valeas virtute inrumpere iniquitates . Voluit enim Deus consiliarios et magistratus esse praepotentes, id est magnanimos, cum vere BL, MS 18008, f. 65v magnanimum oporteat esse bonum, veracem et neminem propter virtutem timentem ac mala omnia contemnentem, qui vere fultus sit ea animi fortitudine, de qua praediximus. Praepotentes etiam facultatibus esse debent, ne in eis sit necessitas, quae plerumque cogit ad turpia.

Dum insuper in eadem divina sententia subicit “timentes Deum”, significat etiam religionis cultum, quem antea diximus consiliariis ac magistratibus inesse debere, cum sine timore Dei impossibile esset negotia bene disponi.

Dum quoque ibidem dicitur “in quibus sit veritas”, denotat consultores et magistratus debere esse veraces. In his enim, qui praeponuntur reipublicae, oportet triplicem esse veritatem, scilicet veritatem vitae, veritatem doctrinae et veritatem iustitiae.

Dum etiam in ipsa divina sententia subicit “qui oderint avaritiam”[48], hoc voluit Deus, quia cf. Vulg. 1Tim 6:10 Radix enim omnium malorum est cupiditas, quam quidam appetentes erraverunt a fide et inseruerunt se doloribus multis avaritia est causa non solum omnis iniustitiae, sed omnium malorum BL, MS 18008, f. 66r radixcf. Vulg. 1Tim 6:10 Radix enim omnium malorum est cupiditas, quam quidam appetentes erraverunt a fide et inseruerunt se doloribus multis teste apostolo. Nam cf. Verg. A. 3.56-57 Quid non mortalia pectora cogis / auri sacra fames “quid non mortalia pectora cogit auri sacra fames?”.cf. Verg. A. 3.56-57 Quid non mortalia pectora cogis / auri sacra fames ? Unde Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (*86 BC – †34 BC), ancient Roman historian and politician, author of De Catilinae coniuratione and Bellum IugurthinumSalustiusSallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (*86 BC – †34 BC), ancient Roman historian and politician, author of De Catilinae coniuratione and Bellum Iugurthinum in Catilinario dicit, quod cf. Sal. Cat. 10.3-4 Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere pecuniae ac imperii cupido quasi materies omnium malorum fuerecf. Sal. Cat. 10.3-4 Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere . cf. Vulg. Sir 20: 31 Xenia et dona excaecant oculos iudicum, / et quasi mutus in ore avertit correptiones eorum Xenia enim et dona excaecant oculos iudicum et avertunt correctionemcf. Vulg. Sir 20: 31 Xenia et dona excaecant oculos iudicum, / et quasi mutus in ore avertit correptiones eorum . Et cum duae humano generi pestes incumbant, luxuria et avaritia, malorum omnium fundamenta, perniciosior tamen avaritia habetur, eo quod omnino contra naturam sit quodque omnia mala suadeat. Est enim avaritia vehemens quaedam habendi sitis, quae ut in hydropico continuo haustu, ita in avaro frequenti etiam rapina exstingui non potest.

Dum tandem dicitur in eadem divina sententia: cf. Vulg. Ex 18: 21 Provide autem de omni plebe viros potentes et timentes Deum, in quibus sit veritas, et qui oderint avaritiam, et constitue ex eis tribunos et centuriones, et quinquagenarios, et decanos “Et constitue ex his tribunos et centuriones, quinquagenarios et decanos”cf. Vulg. Ex 18: 21 Provide autem de omni plebe viros potentes et timentes Deum, in quibus sit veritas, et qui oderint avaritiam, et constitue ex eis tribunos et centuriones, et quinquagenarios, et decanos , et si verba illa secundum litteralem sensum denotent officiorum ac dignitatum qualitatem, diversitatem et numerum, ut eum dicamus tribunum, qui BL, MS 18008, f. 66v in tribu auctoritatem obtinet, centurionem, qui centum praeest hominibus seu capitibus, quinquagenarium, qui praeest quinquaginta, et decanum, qui praeest decem, possumus tamen in sensu mystico adaptare ad aetatem, senectutem et canitiem, ut scilicet consiliarii ac magistratus eligendi senes sint, non autem iuvenes, cum vix fieri possit, ut sententia optima ex iuvene eliciatur, in quem non cadit praeteritorum memoria, consideratio praesentium, intelligentia futurorum, quae haberi non possunt, nisi doctrina et assuetudine, longaque rerum experientia comparentur. Ob quod Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperoriureconsultusJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor pulcherrime inquit: cf. Iust. Dig. 50.6.6 “Semper in civitate nostra senectus venerabilis fuit”cf. Iust. Dig. 50.6.6 . Canities enim hominum prudentia est, cum etiam cf. Aug. De divinatione 3.7 Accessit etiam daemonibus per tam longum tempus quo eorum vita protenditur, rerum longe maior experientia, quam potest hominibus propter brevitatem vitae provenire; Aug. De divinatione 4.7 Illam vero tertiam daemonum potentiam, quod diuturna rerum experientia quemadmodum praenoscant atque praenuntient multa didicerunt daemon dicatur futura praenoscere ob longam experientiam, quam non capit brevis vita hominumcf. Aug. De divinatione 3.7 Accessit etiam daemonibus per tam longum tempus quo eorum vita protenditur, rerum longe maior experientia, quam potest hominibus propter brevitatem vitae provenire; Aug. De divinatione 4.7 Illam vero tertiam daemonum potentiam, quod diuturna rerum experientia quemadmodum praenoscant atque praenuntient multa didicerunt teste Augustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo RegiusAugustinoAugustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo Regius. Senes igitur humanarum rerum periti in BL, MS 18008, f. 67r consilium sunt adhibendi, Roman Senate senatus enim RomanusRoman Senate , quem totus orbis consulebat, a senibus nomen accepit, quandoq written over ...... illegible...... illegibleandoqandoq written over ...uidem ipsi senectuti et diutinae experientiae sapientia videatur adiuncta.

Dum demum in ipsa divina sententia subicitur “qui iudicent populo omni tempore”, denotat consiliarios et magistratus debere omni tempore esse paratos ad iustitiam unicuique ministrandam et ius suum unicuique reddendum ipsiusque iustitiae exercitium nequaquam esse differendum nec quavis occasione tardandum exemplo Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) (*347 – †395), 379-395 Roman EmperorTheodosiiTheodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) (*347 – †395), 379-395 Roman Emperor, qui parato exercitu ad bellum proficiscens non distulit mulierculae iustitiam exhibere exercitum continendo, donec de causa cognovisset ac iustitiae complementum ministrasset. cf. Vulg. Ps (G) 105:3 Beati qui custodiunt judicium, / et faciunt justitiam in omni tempore Eos enim beatos esse constat, qui custodiunt iudicium et faciunt iustitiam omni temporecf. Vulg. Ps (G) 105:3 Beati qui custodiunt judicium, / et faciunt justitiam in omni tempore teste psalmista.

Postremo, dum in eadem divina sententia subiungitur “quicquid autem maius fuerit, referant BL, MS 18008, f. 67v ad te” etc., discernit ac demonstrat, quod etsi consiliarii ac magistratus minora quaedam sine principis praesentia ex auctoritate eis commissa possint expedire, ea scilicet, quae ad ordinatum iustitiae cultum pertinent et huiusmodi, maiora tamen, quae principis gratiam exposcunt, quae illius statum, honorem commodumque concernunt, eidem principi sunt referenda in eiusque praesentia tractanda, trutinanda, cribranda, digerenda ac tandem concludenda. Hos autem, quibus onus huiusmodi haec ad principem referendi conceditur, sacri palatii referendarios nuncupamus, de quibus est titulus in iure nostro expressus.

Haec igitur, Rex Catholice, si diligenti animadversione perspexeris, si ipsius divinae ac caelitus emissae sententiae vim, succum ac medullam gustaveris, si consiliarios et magistratus antedictis qualitatibus praeditos elegeris, poterit Tua Maiestas eorum consiliis doctrina ac erudiBL, MS 18008, f. 68r{di}tionibus praemoneri, instrui, edoceri ac inclinari ad omne virtutum genus, ad omnia virtutum praeparamenta et ornamenta, quae tantum principem decent et quae ad ipsam monarchiam acquirendam conveniunt, ac expedire noscuntur. Sicque verificabitur reliquum ipsius divinae sententiae, quia cf. Vulg. Ex 18:23 Si hoc feceris, implebis imperium Dei, et praecepta eius poteris sustentare, et omnis hic populus revertetur ad loca sua cum pace “Si hoc feceris, implebis imperium Domini et praecepta eius poteris sustentare, et omnis populus revertetur ad loca sua cum pace”.cf. Vulg. Ex 18:23 Si hoc feceris, implebis imperium Dei, et praecepta eius poteris sustentare, et omnis hic populus revertetur ad loca sua cum pace .

Hos tamen consiliarios sic assumptos seu assumendos perbenigne suscipies condigneque tractabis, horum enim subiectum delicatius est, quam eorum, qui rudes sunt et animum raro ad cogitationes rerum traducentes, muneribus a natura datis fruuntur, de futuris parum admodum solliciti. Quandoquidem hi, qui liberalibus disciplinis sunt imbuti, contrarias qualitates acutissime sentiant et sensus habeant ad cognitionem rerum promptisBL, MS 18008, f. 68vsimos. His nempe tamquam instrumentis quibusdam animus contemplatione agitatus continue utitur, quibus album a nigro, amarum a dulci, frigidum a calido, conc written over t(?)t(?)cc written over t(?)entum a dissono separat.[49]

Hi igitur ita alliciendi attrahendique sunt, ne videantur eis esse ludibrio, a quibus honorem mererentur. Fieri enim non potest, ut ignarus et rudis sapientem ac doctum diligat et observet, cum nihil adeo doctrinae contrarium exsistat, quam inscitia et ignoratio. Ob quod non modico animi lang<u>ore anguntur, cum vident amentem prudenti, intemperantem modesto, timidum forti, iniquum iusto, inertem laborioso, petulantem pudenti, sceleratum pio in honore et emolumentis praeferri.

Debet igitur in his assumendis ac dignitatum gradibus concedendis talis adesse prudentia ac discretio ad personarum qualitates discernendas, ut potius officiis ac subditis de personis congruBL, MS 18008, f. 69rentibus ac benemeritis ad magistratus exercendos providere videamur, quam velle personas forsan minus idoneas, ut plerumque fit, dignitatibus decorare in subditorum detrimentum. Non enim personis, sed officiis providendum est. Dignitas quoque indigno nusquam concedenda foret, sed dignus ac meritus ad dignitatis illustrationem praeferendus esset. Dignioribus enim dignior locus debetur, ut testantur sacri canones, reprehendentes illos, qui locum eorum, qui magis digni sunt, non ambigunt occupare.

Unde cf. Iust. Hist. 12.15 Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexander ille MaximusAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity, ut refert Justin (Marcus Iunian(i)us Iustinus), ancient Roman historian, author of Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, containing excerpts from Pompeius Trogus' monumental work Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situsIustinusJustin (Marcus Iunian(i)us Iustinus), ancient Roman historian, author of Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, containing excerpts from Pompeius Trogus' monumental work Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs, dum eo in extremis laborante quaererent amici, quem imperii haeredem faceret, respondit: “Dignissumum”cf. Iust. Hist. 12.15 . Tanta illi animi magnitudo fuit, ut cum Heracles of Macedon a reputed illegitimate son of Alexander the Great and his mistress BarsineHerculemHeracles of Macedon a reputed illegitimate son of Alexander the Great and his mistress Barsine filium, cum fratrem Philip III Arrhidaeus of Macedon half-brother of Alexander the Great; 323-317 BC King of MacedonArideumPhilip III Arrhidaeus of Macedon half-brother of Alexander the Great; 323-317 BC King of Macedon, cum Roxana (*before 343 BC – †ca. 310 BC), wife of Alexander the Great of Macedon, mother of his son Alexander IV (born after his father's death)uxoremRoxana (*before 343 BC – †ca. 310 BC), wife of Alexander the Great of Macedon, mother of his son Alexander IV (born after his father's death) praegnantem relinqueret, oblitus necessitudinum, nefas putaret tanto culmini alium, quam dignissimum praeferri.

Ob quod Saint Jerome (Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) (*347 – †419/420), theologian and scholar, author of the Latin translation of the Bible (Vulgate), one of the Doctors of the ChurchHieronymusSaint Jerome (Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) (*347 – †419/420), theologian and scholar, author of the Latin translation of the Bible (Vulgate), one of the Doctors of the Church dicit: BL, MS 18008, f. 69v “Principatum in populo non sanguini deferendum, sed vitae”[50], gradatim enim ad honores ascendendum est. Nam, ut inquit Gregory I (Saint Gregory the Great) (*ca. 540 – †604), 590-604 Pope GregoriusGregory I (Saint Gregory the Great) (*ca. 540 – †604), 590-604 Pope , cf. ST [46647] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 2 sicut Gregorius scribit Siagrio episcopo, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVIII, ordinate ad ordines accedendum est, nam casum appetit qui ad summi loci fastigia, postpositis gradibus, per abrupta quaerit ascensum casum appetit, qui ad summi loci fastigia postpositis gradibus per ampla quaerit ascensumcf. ST [46647] IIª-IIae, q. 189 a. 1 arg. 2 sicut Gregorius scribit Siagrio episcopo, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVIII, ordinate ad ordines accedendum est, nam casum appetit qui ad summi loci fastigia, postpositis gradibus, per abrupta quaerit ascensum . Quodsi hi, in quorum potestate magistratus ac dignitates exsistunt, personas potius quam merita conspiciant hisque magistratus decernant, qui enixius rogare vel maiore largitione uti consueverunt, graduum distinctione posthabita, indigni bonis anteferuntur, et qui aliis praeesse cupiunt, spreta modestia et aequitate ex alieno rapiunt fraude, vi, dolo, ut his largiantur, quorum opera et auxilio dignitates assequi percupiunt. Hinc furtum, hinc sacrilegium, hinc peculatus, hinc expilationes, hinc rapinae, hinc caedes ac alia nefanda facinora cotidie nascuntur cum maximo rerum publicarum detrimento et interitu.

Sunt nobis exemplo The Romans RomaniThe Romans , sunt Citizens of Carthage CarthaBL, MS 18008, f. 70rginensesCitizens of Carthage , sunt The Spartans (Lacedaemonii), inhabitants of Ancient SpartaLacedaemoniiThe Spartans (Lacedaemonii), inhabitants of Ancient Sparta, sunt The Athenians inhabitants of Ancient AthensAtheniensesThe Athenians inhabitants of Ancient Athens, quorum Roman Republic (Libera res publica Romana)

Roman Empire

Sparta, city-state in ancient Greece, on the Peloponnese peninsula

Athens (Athenae), city-state in ancient Greece
respublicaeRoman Republic (Libera res publica Romana)

Roman Empire

Sparta, city-state in ancient Greece, on the Peloponnese peninsula

Athens (Athenae), city-state in ancient Greece
magnae illae quidem ac praeclarae, quae numquam finem habiturae videbantur, funditus sunt eversae civium ambitione et avaritia. Consulte igitur ac prudenter iuxtaque ipsius divinae sententiae mentem actum diiudicabimus, si reiecto ipsius pestifero ambitionis vitio, tamquam alter Moses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophetMoysesMoses religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, consiliarios ac magistratus elegeris ad solam virtutem tendentes, sine qua integra felicitas haberi non potest.

Id quoque, Rex Catholice, summe cavendum est, ne adulatione, blanditiis, assentatione circumveniaris, neve assentatoribus huiusmodi aures aperias, simulatio enim et assentatio, ut ait Isidorus, duae sunt virulentissimae pestes, quae semper ab amicitia relegantur. Ob quod Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero sic ait: cf. Sen. Ben. 6.30.3 Monstrabo tibi, cuius rei inopia laborent magna fastigia, quid omnia possidentibus desit: scilicet ille qui verum dicat et hominem inter mentientes stupentem ipsaque consuetudine pro rectis blanda audiendi ad ignorantiam veri perductum vindicet a consensu concentuque falsorum. — — adulandi certamen est et unum amicorum omnium officium, una contentio, quis blandissime fallat? “Monstrabo tibi, cuius rei inopia laborent magna fastigia et quid possidentibus omnia desit, scilicet qui dicat verum. Unde una conBL, MS 18008, f. 70vtentio[51] est, quis blandissime fallat”cf. Sen. Ben. 6.30.3 Monstrabo tibi, cuius rei inopia laborent magna fastigia, quid omnia possidentibus desit: scilicet ille qui verum dicat et hominem inter mentientes stupentem ipsaque consuetudine pro rectis blanda audiendi ad ignorantiam veri perductum vindicet a consensu concentuque falsorum. — — adulandi certamen est et unum amicorum omnium officium, una contentio, quis blandissime fallat? . Hi enim, quodcumque dixeris fecerisve, sine discrimine laudant et assentando extollunt, vultum fingendo et nutum, non autem mentem et voluntatem observando, nil ad veritatem, sed ad voluptatem loquentes. Nam, ut ait Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) (*195/185 BC – †159 BC), playwright of the Roman Republic, author of many comediesTerentiusTerence (Publius Terentius Afer) (*195/185 BC – †159 BC), playwright of the Roman Republic, author of many comedies: “Astat turba Gnatho a character from Terence’s comedy EunuchGnathonumGnatho a character from Terence’s comedy Eunuch, cf. Ter. Eu. 251-253 quidquid dicunt laudo; id rursum si negant, laudo id quoque; negat quis: nego; ait: aio; postremo imperavi egomet mihi omnia adsentari; Cic. Amic. 25:93 Quid enim potest esse tam flexibile, tam devium quam animus eius, qui ad alterius non modo sensum ac voluntatem, sed etiam vultum atque nutum convertitur? Negat quis, nego; ait, aio; postremo imperavi egomet mihi / Omnia adsentari, ut ait idem Terentius, sed ille in Gnathonis persona, quod amici genus adhibere omnino levitatis est “ait quis – aiunt, negat is – quoque negant”.cf. Ter. Eu. 251-253 quidquid dicunt laudo; id rursum si negant, laudo id quoque; negat quis: nego; ait: aio; postremo imperavi egomet mihi omnia adsentari; Cic. Amic. 25:93 Quid enim potest esse tam flexibile, tam devium quam animus eius, qui ad alterius non modo sensum ac voluntatem, sed etiam vultum atque nutum convertitur? Negat quis, nego; ait, aio; postremo imperavi egomet mihi / Omnia adsentari, ut ait idem Terentius, sed ille in Gnathonis persona, quod amici genus adhibere omnino levitatis est [52]

Ut igitur hunc pestiferum morbum effugias, ab his illecebris animum ad rationem traducens, ex Thales of Miletus Thaletis MilesiiThales of Miletus sententia “Te ipsum cognosce”. Hac enim ratione perfacile intelliges, verumne sit, quod isti de te praedicant. Quod si his delecteris hominibus, qui nihil ficti, nihil simulati aut faciunt, aut loquuntur, si illos amplectaris, qui cum erraveris, monere te prudenter et modeste audeant, si praeclaros veridicosque viros habueris, qui tibi intrepide sententiam explicent, adulatores ipsos ignominia notatos statim abiges.[53]

Alexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (*208 – †235), Roman Emperor (222-235)AleBL, MS 18008, f. 71rxanderAlexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (*208 – †235), Roman Emperor (222-235) enim, non Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityille MaximusAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity, sed is, qui post Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament adventum, circa annum Salutis ducentesimum quadragesimum quintum, obtinebat Roman EmpireimperiumRoman Empire, cum ante illum plures ut monstra imperassent nihil memoria dignum relinquentes, is, unicum virtutis exemplar, senatus ac militum studio imperator creatus, ad componendam rempublicam vitio superiorum principum labefactatam animum adiecit. Adiutores ad id ac consult written over iliiliultult written over iliores[54] assumpsit Frontinus (Iulius Frontinus), one of the teachers of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus (SHA, 3.3)Iulium FrontinumFrontinus (Iulius Frontinus), one of the teachers of Roman Emperor Alexander Severus (SHA, 3.3), virum doctissimum, Ulpian (Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus) (*ca. 170 – †223), distinguished Roman jurist; 228-235 praetorian prefect of Emperor Alexander SeverusVulpianumUlpian (Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus) (*ca. 170 – †223), distinguished Roman jurist; 228-235 praetorian prefect of Emperor Alexander Severus et Julius Paulus Prudentissimus distinguished Roman jurist; 228-235 praetorian prefect of Emperor Alexander SeverusPaulumJulius Paulus Prudentissimus distinguished Roman jurist; 228-235 praetorian prefect of Emperor Alexander Severus, iurisconsultos praestantissimos. Procul ab omni pompa et ambitione vixit et inter cetera memoratu digna, si quis inter salutandum caput flexisset aut blandius aliquid dixisset, ut adulator reiciebatur.

Alexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (*208 – †235), Roman Emperor (222-235)HuiusAlexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (*208 – †235), Roman Emperor (222-235) igitur vestigia sequere, hos Gnatho a character from Terence’s comedy EunuchGnathonesGnatho a character from Terence’s comedy Eunuch, hos assentatores, hos adulatores reice, et tamquam morbidum pecus e tuo grege repellas. Delatorum etiam perniciosum geBL, MS 18008, f. 71vnus, quorum fallaciis ac maledicentia boni in maximum discrimen adducuntur, omnino contemnes ac repellere curabis, adeo enim id venenum percommode auribus hominum instillant, ut eos quoquo velint, impellant.

Apud Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus) (*76 – †138), 117-138 Roman EmperorHadrianumHadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus) (*76 – †138), 117-138 Roman Emperor imperatorem alioqui bonum principem adeo valuere delatorum voces, ut quosdam amicos ad dignitatem antea evectos, deinceps hostium loco habuerit. Vendidit Plato ancient Greek philosopherPlatonemPlato ancient Greek philosopher Dionysius II the Younger (*ca. 397 BC – †343 BC), tyrant of SyracuseDionisiusDionysius II the Younger (*ca. 397 BC – †343 BC), tyrant of Syracuse, hominem sane divinum, concitato delatoribus odio. Mori a civibus suis coactus est Socrates SocratesSocrates malorum calumniis, vir quidem doctissimus atque innocentissimus. Boethius (Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius) (*ca. 480 – †524), Roman politician and philosopher, author of De consolatione philosophiaeBoëtiusBoethius (Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius) (*ca. 480 – †524), Roman politician and philosopher, author of De consolatione philosophiae Theoderic the Great (Theodoric) (*454 – †526), 475-526 King of OstrogothsTheoderici regisTheoderic the Great (Theodoric) (*454 – †526), 475-526 King of Ostrogoths iussu instigantibus delatoribus patria ac vita privatus est. Domitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus) (*51 – †96), 81-96 Roman EmperorDomitianusDomitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus) (*51 – †96), 81-96 Roman Emperor vero inter imperii monstra connumeratus hac in re solum respicere visus est, quod delatores contempserit et ab urbe expulerit, hanc vocem frequenter usurpans: cf. Suet. Dom. 9.3.7-8 Princeps, qui delatores non castigat, irritat “Delatores qui non castigat, irritat”cf. Suet. Dom. 9.3.7-8 Princeps, qui delatores non castigat, irritat .

BL, MS 18008, f. 72r Quod si hos scelestus Domitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus) (*51 – †96), 81-96 Roman EmperorimperatorDomitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus) (*51 – †96), 81-96 Roman Emperor odio habuit, tu, totus divinus et caelitus ad hanc novissimam Christianorum monarchiam vocatus, hos tamquam Phlegethon (Pyriphlegethon)PhlegetontisPhlegethon (Pyriphlegethon) furias pellendos contemnendosque decernes avertesque, ne aspidis vox auribus tuis insonet. cf. Cic. Off. 3.21 Detrahere igitur alteri aliquid et hominem hominis incommodo suum commodum augere magis est contra naturam quam mors, quam paupertas, quam dolor, quam cetera, quae possunt aut corpori accidere aut rebus externis Detrahere enim, ut ait Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, aliquid alteri et alterius incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors, quam paupertas, quam dolor, quam cetera, quae possunt aut corpori accidere[55] aut rebus externiscf. Cic. Off. 3.21 Detrahere igitur alteri aliquid et hominem hominis incommodo suum commodum augere magis est contra naturam quam mors, quam paupertas, quam dolor, quam cetera, quae possunt aut corpori accidere aut rebus externis . Haec autem duo hominum genera, assentatores et delatores, si repuleris, si his duobus pestiferis morbis tuam curiam purgaveris, si his aures nequaquam praestiteris, si tales, quales praediximus, penes te viros habueris, facillime omne virtutum genus amplecteris.

His tamen, Rex Catholice, virtutibus principalius inhaerere curabis, quae singulis regibus ac principibus peculiares esse debent: clementiae, magnanimiBL, MS 18008, f. 72vtati, liberalitati et iustitiae.

Et ut a clementia initium fiat, assumenda est sententia Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaeSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero, dum ait: cf. Sen. Cl. 1.3 Nullum tamen clementia ex omnibus magis quam regem aut principem decet “Nullum magis decet clementia quam principem”cf. Sen. Cl. 1.3 Nullum tamen clementia ex omnibus magis quam regem aut principem decet . Per hanc enim principes diis aequiperantur teste Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poetOvidioOvid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poet, dum ait:

cf. Ov. Pont. 2.9.11-12 Regia, crede mihi, res est succurrere lapsis, / Convenit et tanto, quantus es ipse viro Regia (crede mihi) res est succurrere lapsis,
Convenit et tanto, quantus es ipse viro.
cf. Ov. Pont. 2.9.11-12 Regia, crede mihi, res est succurrere lapsis, / Convenit et tanto, quantus es ipse viro cf. Ov. Pont. 2.9.21-22 Hoc tecum commune Deo est, quod uterque rogati / Supplicibus vestris ferre soletis opem Hoc tecum commune deis, quod utrique rogati
Supplicibus vestris ferre soletis opem.
cf. Ov. Pont. 2.9.21-22 Hoc tecum commune Deo est, quod uterque rogati / Supplicibus vestris ferre soletis opem

Cui etiam accedit Claudian (Claudius Claudianus) (*ca. 370 – †ca. 404), Roman poet, who worked for Emperor Honorius and the latter's general StilichoClaudianiClaudian (Claudius Claudianus) (*ca. 370 – †ca. 404), Roman poet, who worked for Emperor Honorius and the latter's general Stilicho sententia, dum ait:

Sis pius in primis, nam cum vincamur ab omni
Munere, sola deos aequat clementia nobis.
[56] Nec tibi quid liceat, sed quid fecisse decebit,
Occurrat mentemque domet respectus honesti.
[57]

Nam quidem teste Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroneCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher verum est certe, quod Cyrus II the Great (*ca. 600 or ca. 576 BC – †530 BC), 559-530 BC King of Persia, 549-530 BC King of Media, 547-530 BC King of Lydia, 539-530 BC King of BabylonCyrumCyrus II the Great (*ca. 600 or ca. 576 BC – †530 BC), 559-530 BC King of Persia, 549-530 BC King of Media, 547-530 BC King of Lydia, 539-530 BC King of Babylon dixisse aiunt: “Iucundiora multum acceptioraque hominibus videri in optimo viro humanitatis quam belli opera, bella enim plurimum mali intulisse mortalibus, humanitatem vero plura bona importasse”.[58]

Quia, BL, MS 18008, f. 73r ut ait Valerius Maximus Valerius MaximusValerius Maximus , cf. V. Max. 5.1.6 Ergo humanitatis dulcedo etiam in efferata barbarorum ingenia penetrat torvosque et truces hostium mollit oculos ac victoriae insolentissimos spiritus flectit. Nec illi arduum ac difficile est inter arma contraria, inter destrictos conminus mucrones placidum iter reperire. Vincit iram, prosternit odium hostilemque sanguinem hostilibus lacrimis miscet humanitatis dulcedo etiam efferata barbarorum ingenia penetrat et truces hostium mollit oculos ac victoriae insolentissimos spiritus flectit, nec illi arduum atque difficile est inter arma contraria, inter districtos comminus mucrones placidum iter rep written over ...... illegible...... illegiblereprep written over ...erire, vincit iram, prosternit odium hostilemque sanguinem hostilibus lacrimis miscetcf. V. Max. 5.1.6 Ergo humanitatis dulcedo etiam in efferata barbarorum ingenia penetrat torvosque et truces hostium mollit oculos ac victoriae insolentissimos spiritus flectit. Nec illi arduum ac difficile est inter arma contraria, inter destrictos conminus mucrones placidum iter reperire. Vincit iram, prosternit odium hostilemque sanguinem hostilibus lacrimis miscet .

Unde ipse Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorlegislatorJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor inquit: cf. Iust. Cod. 5.16.27.1 nihil aliud tam peculiare est imperiali maiestati quam humanitas, per quam solam dei servatur imitatio “Nihil aliud tam peculiare est imperiali maiestati quam humanitas, per quam solam Dei imitatio servatur”cf. Iust. Cod. 5.16.27.1 nihil aliud tam peculiare est imperiali maiestati quam humanitas, per quam solam dei servatur imitatio . Et, ut Valerius Maximus ValeriusValerius Maximus scribit, cf. V. Max. 5.1ext.1 Commemoratione Romani exempli in Macedoniam deductus morum Alexandri praeconium facere cogor, cuius ut infinitam gloriam bellica virtus, ita praecipuum amorem clementia meruit Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexander ipse MaximusAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity sua clementia praecipuum amorem a militibus meruitcf. V. Max. 5.1ext.1 Commemoratione Romani exempli in Macedoniam deductus morum Alexandri praeconium facere cogor, cuius ut infinitam gloriam bellica virtus, ita praecipuum amorem clementia meruit .

Quae quidem clementia et humanitas adeo Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorIulio CaesariCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator peculiaris fuit, ut nullum in hoc parem habuisse censeatur. A Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorquoCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator illud imperatore dignum dictum legitur: “Qui non laborat, ut militibus sit carus, ipse militem nescit BL, MS 18008, f. 73v armare” illiusque divinam virtutem sola clementia, qua omnes superavit, exornat, ex qua plus gloriae quam ex imperio consecutus est.

Huic non dissimilis Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustus CaesarAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor, qui cum nondum ad unum Roman EmpireImperium RomanumRoman Empire pervenisset mallentque cives ad unum deferri omnia, quam toties bellis civilibus, et quidem cruentis, vexari, ad ipsum Augustum Caesarem per Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (*64 BC – †AD 8)Valerium MessalamMarcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (*64 BC – †AD 8) in haec verba salutatione parte Roman Senate senatus populique RomaniRoman Senate oblata: “Quod bonum, inquam, faustumque sit tibi domuique tuae, Auguste, senatus consentiens cum The Romans populo RomanoThe Romans te patrem patriae consalutat”. Hanc quidem gloriosam salutationem Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustusAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor nequaquam insolenter accepit, sed illacrimans ob pietatem gratiamque Roman Senate senatusRoman Senate erga se respondit perbenigne: “Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quam deos immortales precari, ut consensum BL, MS 18008, f. 74r vestrum ad ultimum vitae finem mihi perficere liceat”.[59] De hac item re scribens ad Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (*64/63 BC – †12 BC)generumMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa (*64/63 BC – †12 BC) Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustusAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor: cf. Gel. 15.7.3 Aue, mi Gai, meus asellus iucundissimus, quem semper medius fidius desidero, cum a me abes. Set praecipue diebus talibus, qualis est hodiernus, oculi mei requirunt meum Gaium, quem, ubicumque hoc die fuisti, spero laetum et bene ualentem celebrasse quartum et sexagesimum natalem meum. Nam, ut uides, klimaktera communem seniorum omnium tertium et sexagesimum annum euasimus. Deos autem oro, ut, mihi quantumcumque superest temporis, id saluis nobis traducere liceat in statu reipublicae felicissimo andragathounton hymon kai diadechomenon stationem meam “Vides – inquit – mi Agrippa, communem omnium seniorum consensum erga nos. Tertium et sexagesimum annum evasimus. Deos oro, ut quantum mihi temporis superest, id salubriter ducere liceat in statu reipublicae felicissimo”.cf. Gel. 15.7.3 Aue, mi Gai, meus asellus iucundissimus, quem semper medius fidius desidero, cum a me abes. Set praecipue diebus talibus, qualis est hodiernus, oculi mei requirunt meum Gaium, quem, ubicumque hoc die fuisti, spero laetum et bene ualentem celebrasse quartum et sexagesimum natalem meum. Nam, ut uides, klimaktera communem seniorum omnium tertium et sexagesimum annum euasimus. Deos autem oro, ut, mihi quantumcumque superest temporis, id saluis nobis traducere liceat in statu reipublicae felicissimo andragathounton hymon kai diadechomenon stationem meam Hac itaque clementia, humanitate et modestia continuit Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustus CaesarAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor populos in officio, ut sic ad ipsam orbis monarchiam pervenerit, qua, ut diximus, nulla felicior hactenus fuisse dignoscitur.

Laudatur etiam Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (*ca. 229 BC – †160 BC)P. AemiliusLucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (*ca. 229 BC – †160 BC)[60], quod captivum Perseus (*ca. 212 BC – †166 BC), King of MacedonPerseumPerseus (*ca. 212 BC – †166 BC), King of Macedon, The Macedonians MacedonumThe Macedonians regem, ad genua sua procumbere volentem dextra manu ad se traxit laterique assidere ac mensae voluit.

Eadem quoque clementia usum ferunt Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (*106 BC – †48 BC), associate and then opponent of Julius Caesar; great statesman and general of the late Roman Republic, 61–54 BC triumvirGn. PompeiumPompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (*106 BC – †48 BC), associate and then opponent of Julius Caesar; great statesman and general of the late Roman Republic, 61–54 BC triumvir erga Tigranes II the Great (*140 BC – †55 BC), 95-55 BC King of ArmeniaTigranemTigranes II the Great (*140 BC – †55 BC), 95-55 BC King of Armenia[61] hostem, ArmeniaArmeniaeArmenia regem, iussum namque surgere et diadema (quod ad misericordiam movendam BL, MS 18008, f. 74v abiecerat) assumere, in regnum ac pristinam sedem restituit.

Tiberius (Tiberius Iulius Caesar Augustus) (*42 BC – †37 AD), 14-37 Emperor of RomeTiberiusTiberius (Tiberius Iulius Caesar Augustus) (*42 BC – †37 AD), 14-37 Emperor of Rome etiam imperator, ut subditos humanius ac mitius tractaret written over ...... illegible...... illegibletractarettractaret written over ..., publicanis ac praesidibus provinciarum augenda esse vectigalia dicentibus respondisse legitur boni pastoris esse tondere pecus, non degluttire[62]. At Titus imperator, Vespasian (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus), Roman commander and Emperor (form 69); under the reign of Nero he suppressed the rebellion in Judea and subdued this region apart from Jerusalem, in 70 captured by his son TitusVespasianiVespasian (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus), Roman commander and Emperor (form 69); under the reign of Nero he suppressed the rebellion in Judea and subdued this region apart from Jerusalem, in 70 captured by his son Titus filius, in delinquentes clementissimus est habitus adeoque comis et humanus, ut cum eum reprehenderent amici, id respondisse fertur: “Neminem a vultu principis tristem discedere oportet”. Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman EmperorTraianusTrajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman Emperor etiam imperator genere Hispanus, cognomento Vulpius(!) Crinitus, imperium accipiens humanitate ac urbanitate ceteros omnes principes superavit itaque se aequalem omnibus praebuit, ut usque ad tempora Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianiJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor in creatione imperatorum sit acclamatum: “Felicior sit Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustoAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor ac Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman EmperorTraianoTrajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman Emperor melior”. Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman EmperorIsTrajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman Emperorque tantae comitatis et humanitatis fuit in visendis aegrotis, saluBL, MS 18008, f. 75rtandis amicis celebrandisque passim festis diebus invitantiumque conviviis, ut ei tanta benignitas vitio daretur. Unde dictum illud: “Imperatore dignum prodiit”. Talem privatis imperatorem esse oportere, quales sibi privatos optat habere. Est et Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus) (*76 – †138), 117-138 Roman EmperorHadrianusHadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus) (*76 – †138), 117-138 Roman Emperor imperator, Paulina the Elder (Domitia Paul(l)ina Major) (†85/86), mother of Roman Emperor HadrianconsobrinaePaulina the Elder (Domitia Paul(l)ina Major) (†85/86), mother of Roman Emperor Hadrian Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman EmperorTraianiTrajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman Emperor filius, qui inter bonos principes numeratur et qui adeo clemens est habitus, ut pater patriae sit appellatus. Itidemque Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus) (*86 – †161), 138-161 Roman EmperorAntoninus PiusAntoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus) (*86 – †161), 138-161 Roman Emperor pater patriae dictus est ob eius clementiam ac pietatem, ut inde Pii cognomentum susceperit.

Hos autem omnes clementia, humanitate, benignitate ac lenitate praecellit divus Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianus imperator AugustusMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae avus paternus.

Horum itaque vestigia si insequi voles, clementiaque ac humanitate tibi innatis utaris, iuremerito diis aequandus eris idque perages, quod verum principem decet, propensiores enim, qui ceteris imperio BL, MS 18008, f. 75v praesunt, ad dandam veniam quam ad sumendas poenas esse debent.

Praebebis igitur te omnibus, ut soles, clementem, benignum, humanum ac affabilem, saepius te perbenigne subditis tuis ostendes. Non permittes, quoad poteris, quempiam a te tristem discedere, id tua humanitate et clementia curabis, ut omnes te ament, te mirentur. Nihil est enim aptius ad imperia regnaque tuenda, ut a philosophis scribitur, quam amari, nihil alienius, quam timeri. Nam teste Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero cf. Sen. Cl. 1.19.6-7 unum est inexpugnabile munimentum: amor civiumcf. Sen. Cl. 1.19.6-7 . Magnanimitas quoque ipsi clementiae adiuncta plus principes quam ceteros decet teste Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorlegislatoreJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor inquitque Statius (Publius Papinius Statius) (*ca. 45 AD – †ca. 96 AD), Roman poet of Silver Age of Latin literatureStatiusStatius (Publius Papinius Statius) (*ca. 45 AD – †ca. 96 AD), Roman poet of Silver Age of Latin literature:

cf. Stat. Ach. 1.1-2 Magnanimum Achilles Greek hero and the greatest warrior of the Trojan WarAeacidemAchilles Greek hero and the greatest warrior of the Trojan War, formidatamque Jupiter (Jove), king of the gods in ancient Roman mythologyTonantiJupiter (Jove), king of the gods in ancient Roman mythology
progeniem.
cf. Stat. Ach. 1.1-2

Ob quod Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexander MaximusAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity, ut ait Justin (Marcus Iunian(i)us Iustinus), ancient Roman historian, author of Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, containing excerpts from Pompeius Trogus' monumental work Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situsIustinusJustin (Marcus Iunian(i)us Iustinus), ancient Roman historian, author of Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, containing excerpts from Pompeius Trogus' monumental work Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs, animi magnitudine didicit contendere. Quanto enim quis maior est, tanto maioris animi esse debet in relaxandis inBL, MS 18008, f. 76riuriis teste Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poetOvidioOvid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poet, dum ait:

cf. Ov. Tr. 3.5.31-34 Quo quisque est maior, magis est placabilis irae,
et faciles motus mens generosa capit.
Corpora magnanimo satis est prostrasse leoni,
Pugna suum finem, cum iacet hostis habet.
cf. Ov. Tr. 3.5.31-34

Nam et in leonibus, qui inter feras principatum obtinent, teste Solinus (Caius Iulius Solinus), latin grammarian, author of De mirabilibus mundiSolinoSolinus (Caius Iulius Solinus), latin grammarian, author of De mirabilibus mundi[63] multa clementiae ac magnanimitatis indicia discernuntur: prostratis parcunt, in viros potius quam in feminas saeviunt et infantes non nisi in magna fame perimunt, nec a misericordia separantur.[64]

Sed quippe consilio Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaeSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero cf. Sen. Ep. 71.7 Quisquis volet tibi contumeliam faciat et iniuriam, tu tamen nihil patieris, si modo tecum erit virtus ita magnanimitate utendum est, ut si magnanimus fueris, numquam iudicabis tibi contumeliam fiericf. Sen. Ep. 71.7 Quisquis volet tibi contumeliam faciat et iniuriam, tu tamen nihil patieris, si modo tecum erit virtus . cf. Sen. Cl. 1.21.1 Hoc dico, cum ab inferioribus petitus violatusque est; nam si, quos pares aliquando habuit, infra se videt, satis vindicatus est. De inimico dices: “Non nocuit mihi, sed animum nocendi habuit” et cum illum in tua potestate videris, vindictam putabis vindicare potuisse. Scito enim magnum et honestum vindictae esse genus – ignoscere.cf. Sen. Cl. 1.21.1 Hoc dico, cum ab inferioribus petitus violatusque est; nam si, quos pares aliquando habuit, infra se videt, satis vindicatus est.

Magnanimitas enim, si ultra BL, MS 18008, f. 76v modum se extollat, faciet virum minacem, inflatum, turbidum, inquietum et in quascumque excellentias dictorum atque factorum neglecta honestate festinum. Mensura itaque magnanimitatis est nec timidum esse hominem, nec audacem. Nam, ut Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristoteliAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy placet, magnanimitas est virtus magnorum beneficiorum effectiva, cuius contrarium est pusillanimitas et, ut inquit Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero in[65] epistulis: cf. Sen. Ep. 39.4 Magni animi est magna contemnere ac mediocria malle quam nimia “Magnanimi est magna contemnere et mediocria malle quam nimiacf. Sen. Ep. 39.4 Magni animi est magna contemnere ac mediocria malle quam nimia ”.

cf. Sen. Ep. 71.26; 71.30 Stat rectus sub quolibet pondere. Nulla illum res minorem facit, nihil illi eorum, quae ferenda sunt, displicet. Nam quidquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur. Vires suas novit. — — Sapiens quidem vincit virtute fortunam Magnanimus enim stat rectus sub quolibet pondere, nulla illum res minorem facit, nil illi eorum, quae ferenda sunt, displicet. Quicquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur, vires suas novit, vincit fortunam virtutecf. Sen. Ep. 71.26; 71.30 Stat rectus sub quolibet pondere. Nulla illum res minorem facit, nihil illi eorum, quae ferenda sunt, displicet. Nam quidquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur. Vires suas novit. — — Sapiens quidem vincit virtute fortunam .

Hac igitur magnanimitate clementiae admixta Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustus ipse CaesarAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor mirum in modum decoratur, qui cum imperium modo, quo praediximus, consensu Roman Senate senatusRoman Senate obtinuisBL, MS 18008, f. 77rset, vel, ut alii volunt, a Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorC. CaesareCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator tum proximitatis, tum haereditatis iure accepisset, vel potius pulsis ac interfectis parricidis tyrannisque rempublicam usurpare conantibus monarchiam orbis terrarum in meliorem formam redigere studeret, tantam eius temporibus felicitatem praestitit, ut iure merito iustitiae et pacis rex appellatus fuerit. Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorIsAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor enim pacatis rebus tum externis, tum domesticis tanto in honore non solum apud suos, sed etiam apud exteros fuit, ut eius nomine civitates conderent, quas Zaragoza (Saragossa, Caesaraugusta), city in northeastern Spain, Aragon, on the Ebro river

Caesarea Philippi

Caesarea Maritima

Kayseri (Caesarea in Cappadocia)
CaesareasZaragoza (Saragossa, Caesaraugusta), city in northeastern Spain, Aragon, on the Ebro river

Caesarea Philippi

Caesarea Maritima

Kayseri (Caesarea in Cappadocia)
appellarunt, venere etiam multi reges ad Rome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the Tiber river, seat of the Holy SeeurbemRome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the Tiber river, seat of the Holy See visendi hominis causa, quos ita comiter et perbenigne suscepit, ut ex amicis amicissimos redderet. Tanta erat in Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperoreoAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor magnanimitas, ut nullus eum antecelleret eratque in amicis comparandis rarus, in retinendis constantissimus. Rome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the Tiber river, seat of the Holy SeeUrbem RomamRome (Roma), city in central Italy, on the Tiber river, seat of the Holy See ita exornavit, ut gloriatus sit se BL, MS 18008, f. 77v urbem latericiam invenisse, marmoream relinquere.

Hac etiam magnanimitate inter ceteros decorantur Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexander ille MaximusAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity orbis monarcha Pompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (*106 BC – †48 BC), associate and then opponent of Julius Caesar; great statesman and general of the late Roman Republic, 61–54 BC triumvirMagnusque Pompei superinscribedii superinscribedusPompey the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (*106 BC – †48 BC), associate and then opponent of Julius Caesar; great statesman and general of the late Roman Republic, 61–54 BC triumvir, pariter et Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (*747 or 748 – †814), 774-814 King of the Lombards, 768-814 King of the Franks, 800-814 the EmperorCarolus MagnusCharlemagne (Charles the Great) (*747 or 748 – †814), 774-814 King of the Lombards, 768-814 King of the Franks, 800-814 the Emperor, a quo Tua Maiestas Catholica trahit originem. Hi enim ob res magnanime gestas Maximi ac Magni cognomenta suscepere.

Quos tamen magnanimitate praecellit Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianus ipse caesarMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal augustissimus nunc feliciter imperans, quo nemo animosior, nemo praestantior. Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalIsMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal enim talis est, qualem Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero describit – cf. Sen. Ep. 71.26; 71.30 Stat rectus sub quolibet pondere. Nulla illum res minorem facit, nihil illi eorum, quae ferenda sunt, displicet. Nam quidquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur. Vires suas novit. — — Sapiens quidem vincit virtute fortunam sub omni pondere rectus. Nulla Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugaleumMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal res minorem facit, nil illi eorum, quae ferenda sunt, displicet, quicquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur, vires suas novit, vincit fortunam virtutecf. Sen. Ep. 71.26; 71.30 Stat rectus sub quolibet pondere. Nulla illum res minorem facit, nihil illi eorum, quae ferenda sunt, displicet. Nam quidquid cadere in hominem potest, in se cecidisse non queritur. Vires suas novit. — — Sapiens quidem vincit virtute fortunam .

Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalQuiMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal etsi plerumque a coeptis resilire videatur, non id magnanimitatis defectui est ascribendum. Est BL, MS 18008, f. 78r enim salientium mos retrocedere ac se a limine saltus retrahere, ut inde celeriori cursu impetuque vehementiori prosiliant et longius ferantur. At arcitenentes et sagittarii quanto magis arcum flectentes sagittam ad se trahunt seu retrahunt, tanto quidem vehementius sagitta ipsa profertur acriusque percutit. Boni quoque agricultores fundos aliquamdiu steriles incultosque relinquunt, ut inde uberiores colligant fructus.

Ea igitur Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximiliano caesariMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal cum magnanimitate prudentia insita exstitit, ut praefinitum tempus praestolaretur, ut parenti filius, prout decet, iungeretur indeque nova rebus gerendis forma traderetur novumque ac reformatum corpus in novamque formam conflatum Christianum Imperium assumeret. Hinc enim suae magnanimitatis opera elucescent, hinc vehementiori cursu ex retrocessione prosilire, hinc BL, MS 18008, f. 78v manu retracta acrius percutere hincque uberiores fructus ex sterilitate colligere licebit efficaciusque coeptum opus ad Christianae religionis decus poterit explicari ac ad ipsam orbis monarchiam viribus unitis perveniri.

Horum igitur vestigia si sequaris, si magnanimitatem ipsam, prout tantum principem decet, amplecteris, si, quod tibi a natura insitum est, conservare curabis, praestabit tibi haec magnanimitas nihil in rebus humanis admirari, nihil magnifacere praeter virtutem, dignitatem animi in utraque fortuna servabit, ut ab astu fortunae discedere non videatur, si vel fortuna saevierit, vel blandius arriserit, id quoque efficiet, ut beneficia contulisse laeteris, feresque moleste, si acceperis nec statim plura reddideris.

Beneficia, quae in alium contuleris, nequaquam commemorabis, superior in omni virtute magis esse quam videri voles. PaBL, MS 18008, f. 79rlam autem loqui, amare, odisse proprium est magnanimi, timentis est autem occultare sententiam. Motus vero magnanimi tardus esse debet et vox gravis, sermo quoque intervallis longioribus distinctus gravitatem quandam prae se ferens. Et vera quidem animi magnitudo sine magna virtute constare non potest, cuius proprium est, ne in rebus agendis tum domi, tum foris ullam timiditatis speciem prae se ferat. Ut enim medici est vultu ac verbis written over ooisis written over o bonam valetudinem aegrotantibus polliceri, ita quoque magnanimum decet desperationi hominum fiduciam et bonam spem obicere, non quidem trepidandum est nec de gradu constantiae cadendum.

Quod etsi magnanimitas ipsa ex animo oriatur magnifico ac excelso, non ex corporis viribus, est tamen corpus exercendum, ut ait Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherM. TulliusCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, et ita afficiendum, ut oboedire consilio ac rationi cogatur, quia, ut inquit Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (*70 BC – †19 BC), ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, author of the Aeneid and many other workspoetaVirgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (*70 BC – †19 BC), ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, author of the Aeneid and many other works, cf. Verg. G. 1.145-146 labor omnia vincit / improbus labor improbus BL, MS 18008, f. 79v omnia vincitcf. Verg. G. 1.145-146 labor omnia vincit / improbus , non autem deliciis vacandum ac voluptatibus inhaerendum.

Nihil est enim, quod aeque animos molliat corporaque effeminet ac enervet, quam deliciis affluere, voluptatibus inhaerere, quas non secus declinare curabis, ac quondam ferunt Sirens figures in Greek mythology, half-women, half-birds, they used to seduce the sailors with their beautiful voice in order to kill themSyrenumSirens figures in Greek mythology, half-women, half-birds, they used to seduce the sailors with their beautiful voice in order to kill them voces cantusque Circe in Greek mythology a minor goddess of magic, living on the island of AeaeaCircesCirce in Greek mythology a minor goddess of magic, living on the island of Aeaea sapientissimum Odysseus (Ulysses, Ulixes), mythical Greek king of Ithaca, hero of the Homer's epic poems Ilias and Odyssey, renown of his sagacity and cunningUlyssenOdysseus (Ulysses, Ulixes), mythical Greek king of Ithaca, hero of the Homer's epic poems Ilias and Odyssey, renown of his sagacity and cunning evitasse.

Nam qui naturae humanae dignitatem et excellentiam considerat, intelligit, quam turpe sit diffluere luxuria et delicate ac molliter vivere, quamque honestum parce, continenter, severe ac sobrie vitam agere. In ea enim disputatione, quam inter Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexandrumAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity et Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDiogenemDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher aliquando ortam ferunt, vexari humanum genus ab aliquo quattuor daemonum ostendit, quorum illum secundum appellat, qui voluptati sacrificia defert, et deam ipsam colit odoribus variis ac saporibus gaudentem. Hic autem daemon, ut idem Diogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopherDiogenesDiogenes of Sinope the Cynic (*ca. 412 BC – †323 BC), ancient Greek philosopher affirmat, auBL, MS 18008, f. 80rditum, gustum, tactum ceterosque sensus corporeos, quovis modo potest, mirifice deflectit, balnea frequentat, molles vestes et laboratos accubitus amat, muliebres amplexus exspectat. Haec dea nimirum est ipsa Circe in Greek mythology a minor goddess of magic, living on the island of AeaeaCirceCirce in Greek mythology a minor goddess of magic, living on the island of Aeaea, quae socios Odysseus (Ulysses, Ulixes), mythical Greek king of Ithaca, hero of the Homer's epic poems Ilias and Odyssey, renown of his sagacity and cunningUlyssisOdysseus (Ulysses, Ulixes), mythical Greek king of Ithaca, hero of the Homer's epic poems Ilias and Odyssey, renown of his sagacity and cunning in porcos mutat, hi vero deinceps, ut timidi et fracti animi, publicis ac privatis in rebus inutiles habentur.

Abiciet igitur ipsa magnanimitas has delicias, has voluptates, hos effeminatos vivendi ritus, hos Sardanapalus according to Ctesias of Cnidus, the last king of Assyria, known for his decadence and promiscuitySardanapalorumSardanapalus according to Ctesias of Cnidus, the last king of Assyria, known for his decadence and promiscuity mores, utetur in victu cultuque corporis mediocritate ob modestiam et valetudinem. Imitaberis hac magnanimitate Caesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictatorC. CaesarisCaesar (Caius Iulius Caesar) (*100 BC – †44 BC), Roman politician, military commander and dictator modestiam et sobrietatem, quae etiam ab hostibus laudatur, nihil est enim, quod magis magnanimitatem edoceat hominisque auctoritatem augeat, quam si ostenderit se nil minus, quam de voluptate cogitare, eius enim mens tota in virtute collocata esse debet.

Ut BL, MS 18008, f. 80v igitur ad ipsam animi magnitudinem dirigendam mediocrem, ut decet, eligas viam, id animadvertes, quod cf. Cic. Off. 1.101 Duplex est enim vis animorum atque naturae: una pars in appetitu posita est, quae est “horme” Graece, quae hominem huc et illuc rapit, altera in ratione, quae docet et explanat, quid faciendum fugiendumque sit. Ita fit, ut ratio praesit, appetitus obtemperet duplex est, ut ait Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherM. TulliusCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, vis animorum atque naturae, quarum pars una in appetitu posita est, quae hominem huc et illuc rapit, altera in ratione, quae docet et explanat, quid faciendum fugiendumque sit. Ita fit enim, ut ratio praesit, appetitus vero obtemperetcf. Cic. Off. 1.101 Duplex est enim vis animorum atque naturae: una pars in appetitu posita est, quae est “horme” Graece, quae hominem huc et illuc rapit, altera in ratione, quae docet et explanat, quid faciendum fugiendumque sit. Ita fit, ut ratio praesit, appetitus obtemperet , in homine potissimum bene morato, cuius fundamentum ipsa verecundia erit. Quae non sine causa prudentiae adiuncta ac soli homini data ostendit aliud iuveni convenire, aliud seni.

Haec enim ad temperantiam, moderationem et modestiam nos inducit, libidines ac cupiditates sedat, iracundiam quoque temperat ac comprimit, unde prope infinita mala oriri solent, cum ratio omnis subeunte illa insania e mentibus nostris deturbetur.

Quamobrem Plato ancient Greek philosopherPlatoPlato ancient Greek philosopher Xenocrates of Chalcedon (*396/395 BC – †314/313 BC)XenocratiXenocrates of Chalcedon (*396/395 BC – †314/313 BC) ad se BL, MS 18008, f. 81r accedenti vel, ut alii volunt, Speusippus (*ca. 408 BC – †339/338 BC)SpeusippoSpeusippus (*ca. 408 BC – †339/338 BC): “Caede – inquit – hunc puerum, mihi autem, quod iratus sum, id nequaquam integrum est”. Eadem quoque ratione usum ferunt Archytas of Tarent (*428 BC – †347 BC)Architam TarentinumArchytas of Tarent (*428 BC – †347 BC) infestum villico, quod agros negligenter coluisset.[66] Quae etsi privatorum hominum exempla sint, publicae tamen amimadversioni accommodari possunt. Sed ut publico digniorique utamur exemplo: Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) (*347 – †395), 379-395 Roman EmperorTheodosius ipse The Romans RomanorumThe Romans imperatorTheodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) (*347 – †395), 379-395 Roman Emperor, quem supra religionis cultorem ostendimus, tanta legitur usus modestia ac temperantia ad irae repressionem, quod siquando ira percitus fuisset, hac deinceps cunctatione ms. contatione(!) cunctationecunctatione ms. contatione(!) utebatur, ut notas omnes litterarum expresse recenseret, quo interim irae daretur locus,[67] legemque tulisse, ut sententiae principum super animadversione ultra regularem modum poenarum per eos prolatae in trigesimum diem differerentur, quo misericordiae vel poeBL, MS 18008, f. 81vnitentiae locus daretur.

Cunctatio enim et mora ad irae repressionem summum est remedium teste Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero, dum ait: cf. Sen. Dial. 3.11.5-6 Quo alio Fabius adfectas imperii vires recreavit quam quod cunctari et trahere et morari sciit, quae omnia irati nesciunt? Perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius tantum ausus esset quantum ira suadebat: habuit in consilio fortunam publicam et aestimatis uiribus, ex quibus iam perire nihil sine universo poterat, dolorem ultionemque seposuit, in unam utilitatem et occasiones intentus; iram ante vicit quam Hannibalem “Quo alio Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (*ca. 280 BC – †203 BC)FabiusQuintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (*ca. 280 BC – †203 BC) affectu imperium recreavit, quam quod cunctari et trahere, et morari scivit, quae omnia irati nesciunt. Perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat written over ...... illegible...... illegiblebatbat written over ..., si Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (*ca. 280 BC – †203 BC)FabiusQuintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (*ca. 280 BC – †203 BC) tantum ausus esset, quantum ira suadebat. Habuit in consilio fortunam publicam et extimatis viribus, ex quibus iam perire nihil sine universo poterat, dolorem ultionemque seposuit in unam utilitatem et occasioni intentus iram ante vicit quam Hannibal Barca (*247 BC – †183 BC)HannibalemHannibal Barca (*247 BC – †183 BC)cf. Sen. Dial. 3.11.5-6 Quo alio Fabius adfectas imperii vires recreavit quam quod cunctari et trahere et morari sciit, quae omnia irati nesciunt? Perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius tantum ausus esset quantum ira suadebat: habuit in consilio fortunam publicam et aestimatis uiribus, ex quibus iam perire nihil sine universo poterat, dolorem ultionemque seposuit, in unam utilitatem et occasiones intentus; iram ante vicit quam Hannibalem .

Hanc ergo animi magnitudinem sic amplectaris, velim, ut moderatione, temperantia ac modestia delicias et voluptates effugias animique motus comprimas ac omnino discas eam servare mediocritatem, quae est inter nimium et parum. Nam, ut ait Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero, cf. Sen. Ep. 91.7-8 Cogitanda ergo sunt omnia et animus adversus ea quae possunt evenire firmandus. Exilia, tormenta [morbi], bella, naufragia meditare cogitanda sunt omnia et BL, MS 18008, f. 82r animus adversus ea, quae possunt evenire, firmandus. Exilia, tormenta, morbos, bella, naufragia meditarecf. Sen. Ep. 91.7-8 Cogitanda ergo sunt omnia et animus adversus ea quae possunt evenire firmandus. Exilia, tormenta [morbi], bella, naufragia meditare , sic enim vere magnanimus dici poteris.

Liberalitatem quoque regibus et principibus peculiarem esse debere hisque magis quam ceteris hominibus convenire palam constat.

Quae, ut Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristoteliAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy placet, est virtus beneficiorum erogatrix, quam pro affectu benignitatem, pro effectu beneficentiam dicimus.

Hanc Plato ancient Greek philosopherPlatoPlato ancient Greek philosopher quadrifariam distinguit, ut scilicet liberalitatem exercere valeamus pecuniis, opera, disciplinis, oratione pro circumventis.[68]

cf. Cic. Off. 2.52 de beneficentia ac de liberalitate dicendum est, cuius est ratio duplex. Nam aut opera benigne fit indigentibus aut pecunia; Sen. Ben. 1.9.1 Vides, quomodo animus inveniat liberalitatis materiam etiam inter angustias? Videtur mihi dixisse: Nihil egisti, fortuna, quod me pauperem esse voluisti; expediam dignum nihilo minus huic viro munus, et quia de tuo non possum, de meo dabo. Neque est, quod existimes illum vilem sibi fuisse: pretium se sui fecit. Sed Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor NeroSenecaSeneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (*1 BC – †65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist; tutor and advisor to Emperor Nero ipsius liberalitatis beneficium dupliciter dumtaxat exerceri affirmat, aut pecunia, aut operacf. Cic. Off. 2.52 de beneficentia ac de liberalitate dicendum est, cuius est ratio duplex. Nam aut opera benigne fit indigentibus aut pecunia; Sen. Ben. 1.9.1 Vides, quomodo animus inveniat liberalitatis materiam etiam inter angustias? Videtur mihi dixisse: Nihil egisti, fortuna, quod me pauperem esse voluisti; expediam dignum nihilo minus huic viro munus, et quia de tuo non possum, de meo dabo. Neque est, quod existimes illum vilem sibi fuisse: pretium se sui fecit. , cf. Cic. Off. 2.52-53 Facilior est haec posterior locupleti praesertim, sed illa lautior ac splendidior et viro forti claroque dignior. Quamquam enim in utroque inest gratificandi liberalis voluntas, tamen altera ex arca, altera ex virtute depromitur, largitioque, quae fit ex re familiari, fontem ipsum benignitatis exhaurit. Ita benignitate benignitas tollitur, qua quo in plures usus sis, eo minus in multos uti possis. quarum altera ex arca, altera ex virtute depromitur. Summum autem liberalitatis genus in ipsius virtutis operatione consistit. Ea enim liberalitas, quae ex arca profertur, BL, MS 18008, f. 82v etsi alteri prosit, aliquid tamen de facultatibus donantis aufert et minuit. Ea vero, quae ex virtute procedit, utrique prodest nihilque inde donanti abesse potest, sed ex ea ditior redditur. Nulla enim sublata bene agendi facultate eo liberalior in dies fit ac amicis ditior, quo sua auctoritate suaque opera de pluribus benemeretur. Exhauriri etiam interdum ea beneficentia potest, quae pecuniis et opibus exercetur. Quantum enim ex pecuniis dando imminuitur, tantum ex ardore bene agendi detrahitur[69], transferunturque perfacile et amittuntur pecuniaecf. Cic. Off. 2.52-53 Facilior est haec posterior locupleti praesertim, sed illa lautior ac splendidior et viro forti claroque dignior. Quamquam enim in utroque inest gratificandi liberalis voluntas, tamen altera ex arca, altera ex virtute depromitur, largitioque, quae fit ex re familiari, fontem ipsum benignitatis exhaurit. Ita benignitate benignitas tollitur, qua quo in plures usus sis, eo minus in multos uti possis. .

At, ut ait Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, cf. Cic. Off. 2.53 At qui opera, id est virtute et industria, benefici et liberales erunt, primum, quo pluribus profuerint, eo plures ad benigne faciendum adiutores habebunt, dein consuetudine beneficentiae paratiores erunt et tamquam exercitatiores ad bene de multis promerendum qui opera, virtute et industria liberales sunt et benefici, quo pluribus profuerunt, eo plures ad benefaciendum adiutores habebunt, deinde consuetudine beneficentiae paratiores erunt et tamquam exercitatiores ad bene de multis promerendumcf. Cic. Off. 2.53 At qui opera, id est virtute et industria, benefici et liberales erunt, primum, quo pluribus profuerint, eo plures ad benigne faciendum adiutores habebunt, dein consuetudine beneficentiae paratiores erunt et tamquam exercitatiores ad bene de multis promerendum .

BL, MS 18008, f. 83r Doctrina etiam et eruditione ingens liberalitas et benignitas exercetur, quod ea animis nostris semper insideat comiteturque nos usque ad extremum vitae spiritum. Est enim earum rerum, quae secundum Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristotelemAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy semper et ubique eodem modo sese habent. Quantum etiam profecerint orationes pro circumventis, declarant Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceronisCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher, Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (*114 BC – †50 BC)HortensiiQuintus Hortensius Hortalus (*114 BC – †50 BC) ac Demosthenes (*384 BC – †322 BC), Greek statesman and oratorDemosthenisDemosthenes (*384 BC – †322 BC), Greek statesman and orator orationes, qui persaepe a faucibus potentum inopem subtraxere.

Ad omnem igitur liberalitatis ac beneficentiae speciem exercendam ita te addicere curabis, ut ea, quae pecuniis ac opibus exercetur, in se habeat ne quid nimis, utque absit prodigalitas, absit et avaritia, duo extrema vitia, quae a liberalitatis virtute seiunguntur et submoventur. Ea enim liberalitate uti debemus, quae prosit amicis, nemini noceat.

Quare Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (*ca. 138 BC – †78 BC)L. SyllaeLucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (*ca. 138 BC – †78 BC), Caius Marius (*157 BC – †86 BC)C. MariiCaius Marius (*157 BC – †86 BC), Lucius Cornelius Cinna (†84 BC)CinnaeLucius Cornelius Cinna (†84 BC), BL, MS 18008, f. 83v Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) (*ca. 230 BC – †152 BC)M. LepidiLepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) (*ca. 230 BC – †152 BC), Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) (*83 BC – †30 BC)M. AntoniiMark Antony (Marcus Antonius) (*83 BC – †30 BC) rerum et pecuniarum translatio a iustis dominis ad alienos non debet liberalis videri. Est etiam praecepto Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceronisCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher cavendum, ne maior sit benignitas quam facultas, neve familiaris res ita claudatur, ut eam liberalitas aperire non possit. Quae certe omni ostentatione et vanitate carere debet, hoc autem fiet, si tempus, si rationem, si causam, si dignitatem tum nostram, tum personarum, in quas liberales esse debemus, considerabimus.

Et ut hanc beneficentiam ea, qua decet, moderatione exerceas, tuorum proventuum ac reddituum diligentem rationem exquires, ut omnia fideliter in aerarium reducantur. Onerum quoque ac impensarum habenda est ratio, ne plus effundas, quam aerarii tui facultas patiatur. Si quid autem ultra necessarias impensas superesse didiceris, ita distribuendum erit, ut BL, MS 18008, f. 84r prius, quod debes, exsolvas, domesticis satisfacias et laborum ac operum mercedes nemini retineas.

Reliquum ita dispones, ut pauperibus Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament primo subvenias, piis operibus, quoad poteris, intendas, inde in benemeritos beneficentia conferatur, etiam in eos, quorum obsequium exspectas, ac demum in eos, quorum dolos, fraudes ac odia cupis evadere muneribusque placare. Nam, ut ait Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poetOvidiusOvid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (*43 BC – †17 or 18 AD), ancient Roman poet: cf. Ov. Ars 3.653 Munera, crede mihi, capiunt hominesque deosque “Munera, crede mihi, placant hominesque deosque”cf. Ov. Ars 3.653 Munera, crede mihi, capiunt hominesque deosque .

At qui[70] aliter flagitiosis hominibus sua largitur, is cum magna iactura sibi quaerit infamiam. Sic igitur ad hanc liberalitatem exercendam, quae ex arca depromitur, quae in pecuniis ac opibus consistit, id potissime animadvertendum erit, cur, cui, quid, quando et qua de causa donetur. Eam vero liberalitatem et beneficentiam, ex qua nihil tibi ab written over dedeabab written over deesse BL, MS 18008, f. 84v dignoscitur et quae facultatibus ac opibus nequaquam diminutis opera, officio ac virtute exerceri potest, indifferenter sine quovis discrimine, in quoscumque poteris, conferre curabis, circumventis subveniendo, oppressos sublevando, ius suum unicuique tribuendo et attributum conservando, tyrannos repellendo ac excessus quoscumque comprimendo et eiusmodi, quae verae liberalitatis ac beneficentiae sunt opera, ex quibus aliis prodesse, tibi autem nequaquam obesse potes.

Laudetur prae ceteris liberalitate ac virtute Lucius Licinius Lucullus (*118 BC – †57/56 BC)LucullusLucius Licinius Lucullus (*118 BC – †57/56 BC) Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorAugustusque CaesarAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor erga amicos liberalissimus fuisse legitur. Sed Titus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus) (*39 – †81), 79-81 Roman EmperorTitusTitus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus) (*39 – †81), 79-81 Roman Emperor ille Vespasian (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus), Roman commander and Emperor (form 69); under the reign of Nero he suppressed the rebellion in Judea and subdued this region apart from Jerusalem, in 70 captured by his son TitusVespasianiVespasian (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus), Roman commander and Emperor (form 69); under the reign of Nero he suppressed the rebellion in Judea and subdued this region apart from Jerusalem, in 70 captured by his son Titus filius, a quo illud caesareo culmini dignum exisse verbum praediximus: “Neminem a vultu principis tristem discedere oportere”, adeo liberalis fuisse constat, ut nemo ante se magnificentia ac liberalitate maior fuerit. Titus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus) (*39 – †81), 79-81 Roman EmperorIsTitus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus) (*39 – †81), 79-81 Roman Emperor enim recordatus, quod BL, MS 18008, f. 85r eo die nihil cuiquam muneris dedisset, se {amici}[71] diem perdidisse asseruit. Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman EmperorTraianusTrajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman Emperor autem, de quo praediximus, laudatur pariter, quod honores, divitias, facultates et praemia benemerentibus aeque distribuerit nullique quidquam iniuriarum fecerit augendi aerarii gratia. Immunitates civitatibus inopia laborantibus dederit, nihil in vita agens, nihil cogitans, quod ad communem utilitatem non pertineret, quae singula liberalitatis signa esse noscuntur. Tiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus) (*520 – †582), 574-582 Roman EmperorTiberius quoque SecundusTiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus) (*520 – †582), 574-582 Roman Emperor adeo in pauperes liberalitatem exercuit, ut eam ob rem Dominus largas opes eidem subministrasse legatur, tam ex thesauro, ut praediximus, sub triplicata cruce invento, quam quod Narses (*ca. 478 – †573)NarsetisNarses (*ca. 478 – †573) thesauros ad eum ex Italy (Italia)ItaliaItaly (Italia) delatos fuisse ferant, quibus conflatis ad munificentiam et liberalitatem usus est.

Sed heu, Rex Catholice, habes liberalitatis ac munificentiae speculum Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalMaximilianum ipsum caesaremMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal, Tuae Maiestatis Catholicae avum BL, MS 18008, f. 85v paternum, qui non solum Lucius Licinius Lucullus (*118 BC – †57/56 BC)LucullumLucius Licinius Lucullus (*118 BC – †57/56 BC) ac Titus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus) (*39 – †81), 79-81 Roman EmperorTitumTitus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus) (*39 – †81), 79-81 Roman Emperor aequare, sed superare dignoscitur. A Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalcuiusMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal vultu neminem umquam tristem discessisse quispiam audivit neque is pecunias aut facultates exquirere visus est, nisi ut donaret ac cum his liberalitatem exerceret. Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalCuiMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal si Tiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus) (*520 – †582), 574-582 Roman EmperorTiberiiTiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus) (*520 – †582), 574-582 Roman Emperor ac Narses (*ca. 478 – †573)NarsetisNarses (*ca. 478 – †573) thesauros Dominus concessisset, aut Priam one of the characters of the "Iliad", King of TroyPriamiPriam one of the characters of the "Iliad", King of Troy Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great) (*550 BC – †486 BC), king of Persia of the Achaemenid dynastyDariiDarius I of Persia (Darius the Great) (*550 BC – †486 BC), king of Persia of the Achaemenid dynastyque divitias praestitisset, tanta profecto munificentia et liberalitate usus esset, quod Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquityAlexandroAlexander III of Macedon (Alexander The Great, Alexander Magnus) (*356 – †323), 336-323 King of Macedon; creator of Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest commanders of antiquity maior evasisset omnemque praeteritorum principum superlativum suo comparativo superasset.

Maximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of PortugalHuiusMaximilian I of Habsburg (*1459 – †1519), from 1486 King of the Romans, actual ruler of the Empire from the death of Frederick III (1493), 1508-1519 Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation; son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal igitur liberalitatem ac beneficentiam, quam in te natura ipsa transmittit, ita amplectaris, quaeso, ut nullus umquam a te tristis excedat utque ex ipsa munificentia omnes domestici et subditi, ac etiam exteri et peregrini te colant, venerentur ac praedicent.

Nunc ad iustitiam transeundum est, quam etiam BL, MS 18008, f. 86r principibus peculiarem esse debere praediximus, per quam ius suum unicuique tribuitur.

Hanc itaque ultimo loco reservandam duximus, tamquam ceterarum omnium virtutum specimen ac registrum, de qua Aristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophyAristotelesAristoteles (*384 BC – †322-03-07 BC), Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; his writings laid the foundations of a comprehensive system of Western philosophy inquit: “Praeclarissima virtutum est iustitia, neque hesperus, neque lucifer est ita admirabilis”.[72] Et alibi ait: “Communicativam virtutem dicimus esse iustitiam, cui necessarium est omnes alias assequi”.[73] Et inde subdit: “Iustitia non pars quaedam virtutis, sed tota virtus, ut iniustitia tota vitiositas est”.[74]

Et ideo iustitia regentis est utilior subditis, quam fertilitas temporis. Unde Saint Jerome (Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) (*347 – †419/420), theologian and scholar, author of the Latin translation of the Bible (Vulgate), one of the Doctors of the ChurchHieronymusSaint Jerome (Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) (*347 – †419/420), theologian and scholar, author of the Latin translation of the Bible (Vulgate), one of the Doctors of the Church ad Anicia Demetrias (*ca. 398 – †after 440)DemetriademAnicia Demetrias (*ca. 398 – †after 440): “Omnes – inquit – virtutum species uno iustitiae nomine continentur”.[75]

Et Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopherCiceroCicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (*106 BC – †43 BC), Roman orator, writer and philosopher ait: “Iustitia haec una virtus, sola domina omnium et regina virtutum”. Et alibi inquit: cf. Cic. Off. 2.71 fundamentum enim est perpetuae commendationis et famae iustitia, sine qua nihil potest esse laudabile “Fundamentum est perpetuae commendationis et famae iustitia, BL, MS 18008, f. 86v sine qua nihil potest esse laudabile”cf. Cic. Off. 2.71 fundamentum enim est perpetuae commendationis et famae iustitia, sine qua nihil potest esse laudabile .

Nam, ut eleganter inquit Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus) (*ca. 200 – †258)CyprianusCyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus) (*ca. 200 – †258), iustitia regis pax est populorum, tutamen patriae, immunitas plebis, munimentum gentis, cura languorum ms. langorum(!) languorumlanguorum ms. langorum(!) , gaudium hominum, temperies aeris, serenitas maris, terrae fecunditas, solacium pauperum et sibimet ipsi spes futurae beatitudinis.[76]

Et ideo Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianus imperatorJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor sic inquit: “Unam quidem esse omnium perfectissimam virtutem arbitrandum est hominibus, quae iura omnibus distribuit. Haec est ex superinscribedexex superinscribed causa cognominata iustitia. Etenim unamquamque aliarum virtutum, nisi subsequantur huius bona, fiet nihil horum, quae competunt. Itaque nec fortitudinem, quae non est cum iustitia, laudabimus, cum scilicet patria lingua fortitudinem in armis virtutem appellet solum, et si quis ab ea iustitiam subtrahat, ad delictorum occasionem solummodo, non BL, MS 18008, f. 87r quorundam bonorum fiet occasio. Et alibi in Codice Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianiJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor scribitur: “Cum rex iustus sederit supra sedem, non adversabitur sibi quicquam malignum”.[77]

Ob quod gens The Indi IndorumThe Indi , qui The Pedalii PedaliiThe Pedalii vocantur, nihil a diis aliud in sacrificiis quam iustitiam poscebant, qua una impetrata omnia se adeptos arbitrabantur, quasi omnium nutrix et mater sit iustitia, quae si in animis versetur, sapientia, si in corporibus, bona valetudo, si in domo, concordia, si in civitate, pax, si denique in mundo, providentia nominatur. Qui hanc habent, hi nec metu perturbantur, nec pudore confunduntur, nec sollicitudine carpuntur, nec languoribus cruciantur, sed ipsi sibi constant et, quae sincera voluptas est, tranquillo animo semper et quieto perfruuntur.[78] Ob quod inquit psalmista: “Iustus ut palma florebit et sicut cedrus LebanonLibaniLebanon multiplicabitur”.

Ad hanc BL, MS 18008, f. 87v igitur iustitiam amplectendam et exercendam tripliciter moveri debet Tua Maiestas Catholica.

Primo, ut ipsius iustitiae fructus, quos praediximus, consequaris, et ea media reliquas omnes virtutes amplecti possis pacisque beneficium subditis exhibere, quod sine iustitia, prout antea diximus, fieri non posset.

Secundo, quia deficiente iustitia, ibi est pacis dissipatio, litium et discordiarum indesinens fons omniumque scelerum et delictorum causa, quod pulchre ostendit Augustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo RegiusAugustinusAugustine of Hippo, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, St. Augustine) (*354 – †430), saint and doctor of the Church; philosopher and theologian from the Roman province of Africa; Bishop of Hippo Regius, dum ait: “Deficiente iustitia, quid aliud sunt regna quam magna latrocinia?”.[79] Et ideo, ubi iustitia perit, ibi non est habitandum. Unde scribitur Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) EcclesiasticiKohelet (Ecclesiastes) : “Regnum de gente in gentem transferetur propter iniustitias et iniurias, et contumelias, et diversos dolos”.

Tertio, quia omnis princeps omnisque potestatem obtinens de iure obnoxius est resarcire ac restituere damna, BL, MS 18008, f. 88r quae ex neglecta iustitia maloque regimine sua culpa oriuntur.

Cum quibus concurrit illa Salomon king of Israel and the son of Davidiustissimi iudicisSalomon king of Israel and the son of David sententia, dum ait: cf. Vulg. Sap 6:2-7 “Audite ergo reges et intelligite, discite iudices finium terrae, praebete aures vos, qui continetis multitudines et placetis vobis in turbis nationum, quoniam data est a Domino potestas vobis, et virtus ab Altissimo. Qui interrogabit opera vestra et cogitationes scrutabitur, quoniam cum essetis ministri regni illius, non recte iudicastis nec custodistis legem iustitiae, neque secundum voluntatem Dei ambulastis. Horrende et cito apparebit vobis, quoniam iudicium durissimum in his, qui praesunt, fiet. Exiguo enim conceditur misericordia, potentes autem potenter ms. potentes(!) potenterpotenter ms. potentes(!) tormenta patientur”cf. Vulg. Sap 6:2-7 .

cf. Vulg. Sap 6:8-11 Non enim subtrahit personam cuiusquam Dominus, qui est omnium dominator, nec verebitur BL, MS 18008, f. 88v magnitudinem cuiusquam, quoniam pusillum et magnum ipse fecit, et aequaliter cura est illi de omnibus, fortioribus autem fortior instat cruciatio. Ad vos ergo, reges, sunt hi sermones mei, ut discatis sapientiam et non excidatis. Qui enim custodierint iustitiam, iuste iudicabuntur, et qui didicerint iusta, invenient, quid respondeant etc.cf. Vulg. Sap 6:8-11 [80]

Aurea etiam censenda est illa John Argyropoulos (Giovanni Argiropulo) (*1415 – †1487)ArgirophiliJohn Argyropoulos (Giovanni Argiropulo) (*1415 – †1487) sententia, qui asserit ita iustitiam in humana societate necessariam esse, ut in animante animam: quae si insit, corpus interno motu cietur, sin egressa fuerit, riget continuo, dissolvitur atque putrescit. Sic si iustitia administretur, hominum societas constat, si posthabita fuerit, languescit et exhalat. Nemo est enim, qui ut Deum quendam iustum non intueatur et admiretur. Huic homines ipsi commitBL, MS 18008, f. 89rtunt fortunas, liberos, coniuges atque humana omnia.[81] Ipsa enim iustitia virum constantem reddit ac omnino stabilem et intrepidum adversus omnes angustias, ut scribitur per Salomon king of Israel and the son of DavidsapientemSalomon king of Israel and the son of David, dum ait: cf. Vulg. Sap 5:1 tunc stabunt iusti in magna constantia adversus eos qui se angustaverunt et qui abstulerunt labores illorum “Stabunt iusti in magna constantia adversus eos, qui se angustiaverunt et abstulerunt labores eorum etc.”cf. Vulg. Sap 5:1 tunc stabunt iusti in magna constantia adversus eos qui se angustaverunt et qui abstulerunt labores illorum

Haec quoque omnem animi passionem removet teste Cassiodorus (*ca. 485 – †ca. 585)CassiodoroCassiodorus (*ca. 485 – †ca. 585), dum inquit: “Iustitia non novit patrem, non novit matrem, veritatem novit, personam non accipit, Deum imitatur”. Ob quod scribitur Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) EcclesiasticiKohelet (Ecclesiastes) : cf. Vulg. Sir 4:33 pro iustitia agoniare pro anima tua et usque ad mortem certa pro iustitia et Deus expugnabit pro te inimicos tuos “Pro iustitia agonizare, pro anima tua et usque ad mortem certa pro iustitia, et Deus expugnabit pro te inimicos tuos”cf. Vulg. Sir 4:33 pro iustitia agoniare pro anima tua et usque ad mortem certa pro iustitia et Deus expugnabit pro te inimicos tuos .

Hanc igitur iustitiam, Rex Catholice, amplectaris oportet, ut reliquarum omnium virtutum compos fias.

Camillus (Marcus Furius Camillus) (*ca. 446 BC – †365 BC)CamillusCamillus (Marcus Furius Camillus) (*ca. 446 BC – †365 BC) dictator RomaBL, MS 18008, f. 89vnus, ut iustus haberetur, remisso paedagogo virgis ab eisdem pueris caeso, quos secum transfuga in castra hostium duxerat, Falerii, city in ancient EtruriaPhaleriosFalerii, city in ancient Etruria, quos vi non poterat, iustitia et clementia in deditionem accepit.[82]

Aristides the Just (*530 BC – †468 BC)AristidesAristides the Just (*530 BC – †468 BC) quoque iusti cognomentum obtinuit, quod in omnibus iustum utili praetulerit ac maxime, quod Themistocles (*ca. 524 BC – †459 BC)ThemistoclisThemistocles (*ca. 524 BC – †459 BC) consilium utile quidem, non tamen honestum nec iustum apud populum improbavit.[83]

Numa Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of RomeNuma PompiliusNuma Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of Rome, etsi civis non esset, sed advena ac peregrinus, ob insignem tamen eius iustitiam ad regendum civitatem assumptus est. Cum enim premeretur inops multitudo ab his, qui maiores opes habebant, Numa Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of RomeisNuma Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of Rome tamquam iustus accitus est, qui summos cum infimis pari iure retineret. Eadem quoque causa constituendarum legum fuit, quae cum omnibus una atque eadem voce loquerentur.

BL, MS 18008, f. 90r

At Augustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman EmperorOctavianus ipse Caesar AugustusAugustus (Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus) (*63 BC – †AD 14), 27 BC - AD 14 Roman Emperor, de cuius felici monarchia ante diximus, adeo iustus est habitus, ut iustitiae et pacis rex fuerit nuncupatus. Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman EmperorTraianus autem imperatorTrajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Divi Nervae filius Augustus) (*53 – †117), 98-117 Roman Emperor, quo neminem meliorem fuisse constat, adeo ipsius iustitiae cultor exstitit adeoque in delinquentes rectus ac iustus est habitus, ut etiam proprio filio non pepercerit nec quispiam eo melior imperasse dignoscatur, cuius salutem testatur Gregory I (Saint Gregory the Great) (*ca. 540 – †604), 590-604 Pope GregoriusGregory I (Saint Gregory the Great) (*ca. 540 – †604), 590-604 Pope .[84]

Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus) (*86 – †161), 138-161 Roman EmperorAntoninusAntoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus) (*86 – †161), 138-161 Roman Emperor quoque, quem Pii cognomentum obtinuisse praediximus, in ipsius iustitiae cultu et observantia, prout etiam in reliquis virtutibus Numa Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of RomeNumae PompilioNuma Pompilius (*753 BC – †673 BC), 715-673 King of Rome bonorum omnium sententia comparatur.

Alexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (*208 – †235), Roman Emperor (222-235)Alexander etiam imperatorAlexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (*208 – †235), Roman Emperor (222-235), is, quem[85] diximus imperasse post Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old TestamentChristiJesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ), in Christianity the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament adventum, ita iustitiam coluit, ut nemo umquam de illata ab eo iniuria conquestus fuerit. Unde Turinus (Verconius Turinus), condemned for deception to suffocation by smoke; member of entourage of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus (Adagia 241 Fumos vendere; Historia Augusta, Vita Alexandri Severi, 2, 35-36)ThurinumTurinus (Verconius Turinus), condemned for deception to suffocation by smoke; member of entourage of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus (Adagia 241 Fumos vendere; Historia Augusta, Vita Alexandri Severi, 2, 35-36), qui munera accipiebat, quod maBL, MS 18008, f. 90vgnae esse auctoritatis apud imperatorem videretur, in foro transitorio ad palum alligatum fumo necari iussit praecone acclamante: “Fumo punitur, qui fumum vendidit”.

Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine EmperorIustinianusJustinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus) (*ca. 482 – †565), 527-565 Byzantine Emperor quoque pro ipsius iustitiae cultu leges et arma, ut praediximus, iungi voluit legibusque omnibus ac constitutionibus recte digestis et congestis ac ad rectum ordinem reformatis iustitiae cultum ac observantiam in meliorem formam direxit, vitia comprimens ac tutelae corporum et bonorum optime consulens, quod non nisi per iustam legum observationem fieri potest.

Sunt enim leges muri et fundamenta civitatum, in quibus bonos quam tutissime detinent, malos arcent et his appropinquare non sinunt. In his salus bonorum, in his consilia civitatis, in his pacis praesidia continentur. Nihil boni, tut