BCz, 244, p. 126

Mi Carissime Frater Bernarde.

Cum Deo duce sospes Vilnius (Wilno, Vilna), city in Lithuania, on the Vilnia river, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⌊VilnamVilnius (Wilno, Vilna), city in Lithuania, on the Vilnia river, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania⌋ attigeris, imprimis conveniens cum reverendissimo domino Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊episcopo PlocensiJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋, illi me modis paper damaged⌈[dis]dis paper damaged⌉, quibus poteris, melioribus commendabis redditisque meis cf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to Jan CHOJEŃSKI 1536-07-15 or shortly before, CIDTC IDL 6585, letter lost⌊litteriscf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to Jan CHOJEŃSKI 1536-07-15 or shortly before, CIDTC IDL 6585, letter lost⌋ dices ea, quae tibi de coadiutoria et successore meo commisi, quemadmodum etiam scripsi dominationi eius reverendissimae, rogabisque, ut pro consensu impetrando ad eam coadiutoriam cum successione etc. iuxta copias litterarum, quas paper damaged⌈[s]s paper damaged⌉ illi offeres, apud Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊serenissimam maiestatem regiamSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ pro me intercedat. Et si vult, quod tu ipse cf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to Sigismund I Jagiellon 1536-07-15 or shortly before, CIDTC IDL 6587, letter lost;
Ioannes DANTISCUS to Bona Sforza 1536-07-15 or shortly before, CIDTC IDL 6588, letter lost⌊litterascf. Ioannes DANTISCUS to Sigismund I Jagiellon 1536-07-15 or shortly before, CIDTC IDL 6587, letter lost;
Ioannes DANTISCUS to Bona Sforza 1536-07-15 or shortly before, CIDTC IDL 6588, letter lost⌋ meas Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊serenissimae maiestati regiaeSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ des atque Bona Sforza (*1494 – †1557), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1518-1557); the second wife of Sigismund I Jagiellon; Duchess of Bari and Rossano; daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and Isabella of Aragon⌊maiestati reginaliBona Sforza (*1494 – †1557), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1518-1557); the second wife of Sigismund I Jagiellon; Duchess of Bari and Rossano; daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and Isabella of Aragon⌋ in omnibus ea, quae Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊dominatio eius reverendissimaJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋ iubet, facias, maxime autem quicquid tibi apud reginalem maiestatem dicendum et faciendum consuluerit.

Quod si Bona Sforza (*1494 – †1557), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1518-1557); the second wife of Sigismund I Jagiellon; Duchess of Bari and Rossano; daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and Isabella of Aragon⌊serenissima maiestas regiaBona Sforza (*1494 – †1557), Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1518-1557); the second wife of Sigismund I Jagiellon; Duchess of Bari and Rossano; daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and Isabella of Aragon⌋ huiusmodi, ut sunt copiae, litteras binas manu sua et serenissimi Sigismund II Augustus Jagiellon (Zygmunt II August) (*1520 – †1572), 1529-1572 Grand Duke of Lithuania (ruled from 1544); 1530-1572 King of Poland (crowned vivente rege (ruled from 1548, after the death of his father); son of Sigismund I Jagiellon and Bona Sforza⌊iunioris regisSigismund II Augustus Jagiellon (Zygmunt II August) (*1520 – †1572), 1529-1572 Grand Duke of Lithuania (ruled from 1544); 1530-1572 King of Poland (crowned vivente rege (ruled from 1548, after the death of his father); son of Sigismund I Jagiellon and Bona Sforza⌋ subscriptas dare dignabitur, tunc primum Jan Ferber (*1496 – †1530), 1515 Ermland canon; 1521 royal scribe; 1521 parish priest of St. Nicolaus's church in Elbląg; 1522 - of St. John's in Gdańsk and Ermland dean; 1527 Ermland judicial vicar and vicar general; 1530 royal secretary (KOPICZKO 2, p. 71; WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 251; SBKW, p. 58-59)⌊reverendissimi domini VarmiensisJan Ferber (*1496 – †1530), 1515 Ermland canon; 1521 royal scribe; 1521 parish priest of St. Nicolaus's church in Elbląg; 1522 - of St. John's in Gdańsk and Ermland dean; 1527 Ermland judicial vicar and vicar general; 1530 royal secretary (KOPICZKO 2, p. 71; WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 251; SBKW, p. 58-59)⌋ et meas litteras pro venerabili domino Johann Tymmermann (Johann Zimmermann) (*1492 – †1564), nephew of Mauritius Ferber, Bishop of Ermland; studied in Cracow (1505) and in Rome (1517); 1519-1564 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1525-1528 administrator of the Chapter's estates in Allenstein (Olsztyn) and in 1538 in Frauenburg (Frombork); 1527-1539 Cantor of Ermland; 1537 General Administrator of the bishopric of Ermland (after Mauritius Ferber's death); 1539-1552 Custos of Ermland; 1547-1552 General Vicar of the diocese of Ermland (SBKW, p. 261; KOPICZKO 2, p. 336)⌊Ioanne CzymermanJohann Tymmermann (Johann Zimmermann) (*1492 – †1564), nephew of Mauritius Ferber, Bishop of Ermland; studied in Cracow (1505) and in Rome (1517); 1519-1564 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); 1525-1528 administrator of the Chapter's estates in Allenstein (Olsztyn) and in 1538 in Frauenburg (Frombork); 1527-1539 Cantor of Ermland; 1537 General Administrator of the bishopric of Ermland (after Mauritius Ferber's death); 1539-1552 Custos of Ermland; 1547-1552 General Vicar of the diocese of Ermland (SBKW, p. 261; KOPICZKO 2, p. 336)⌋ cantore Varmiensi serenissimae maiestati regiae praesentabis et consensum resignationis plebaniae in Gołąb (Columba), village in Poland, 11 km NW of Puławy, 56 km NW of Lublin, Dantiscus was a parish-priest there in the years 1521-1537⌊GoląbyaGołąb (Columba), village in Poland, 11 km NW of Puławy, 56 km NW of Lublin, Dantiscus was a parish-priest there in the years 1521-1537⌋ in personam ipsius domini Ioannis Czimerman cum praesentatione rogabis.

Petes etiam habitis copiarum litteris Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊reverendissimum dominum PlocensemJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋, ut pro maiori paper damaged⌈[i]i paper damaged⌉ coadiutoriae complemento, quae cum Ermland Chapter cathedral chapter based in Frauenburg (Frombork, Varmia)⌊capituli VarmiensisErmland Chapter cathedral chapter based in Frauenburg (Frombork, Varmia)⌋ sanioris partis consensu confirmari debet, quod a Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊maiestate regiaSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ venerabili domino Paweł Płotowski (*ca. 1485 – †1547), in 1523, after the death of Fabian von Lusian (Luzjański), Płotowski was one of the King's four candidates for the post of the bishop of Ermland; in 1530 and 1537, after the death of Jan Konopacki (Johann von Konopat) Sr and Dantiscus' transfer to the bishopric of Ermland, he made an effort to obtain the dignity of bishop of Kulm; from 1522 Provost of the Ermland (Warmia) Chapter, and from 1523 Canon of Ermland; secretary to Crown Grand Chancellor Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, and from 1533 royal secretary and courtier; in the thirties and forties several times royal envoy to the Royal Prussian Estates (SBKW, p. 191; KOPICZKO 2, p. 249-250)⌊Paulo PlutowskiPaweł Płotowski (*ca. 1485 – †1547), in 1523, after the death of Fabian von Lusian (Luzjański), Płotowski was one of the King's four candidates for the post of the bishop of Ermland; in 1530 and 1537, after the death of Jan Konopacki (Johann von Konopat) Sr and Dantiscus' transfer to the bishopric of Ermland, he made an effort to obtain the dignity of bishop of Kulm; from 1522 Provost of the Ermland (Warmia) Chapter, and from 1523 Canon of Ermland; secretary to Crown Grand Chancellor Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, and from 1533 royal secretary and courtier; in the thirties and forties several times royal envoy to the Royal Prussian Estates (SBKW, p. 191; KOPICZKO 2, p. 249-250)⌋ praeposito Varmiensi scriberetur, ut ipse hoc negotium coadiutoriae ex officio suo et nomine Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊serenissimae maiestatis regiaeSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ in favorem meum proponeret suumque mihi suffragium viva voce in Ermland Chapter cathedral chapter based in Frauenburg (Frombork, Varmia)⌊capituloErmland Chapter cathedral chapter based in Frauenburg (Frombork, Varmia)⌋ daret, et ut in eisdem litteris regiis ei spes gratiae maiestatis regiae promitteretur. Quemadmodum hoc ipsum Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊reverendissimus dominus PlocensisJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋ pro suo in me favore in forma meliori conscribi sciet et committet. Maxime autem curabis, quod de ea post me successione quam paucissimi sciant. Celabisque tam coadiutoriam, quam etiam successionem, ne quicquam earum praesentiat doctorem Jan Benedyktowicz Solfa (Ioannes Benedicti de Trebul, Ioannes Benedicti Solpha) (*1483 – †1564), physician, lawyer, poet and historian; in 1541 ennobled by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg; from 1521 Canon of the Collegiate Chapter in Glogau (Głogów); from 1522 court physician of King Sigismund I Jagiellon; from 1526 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); from ca. 1528 Canon of Vilnius; from 1529 Canon of St. John’s Collegiate Church in Warsaw; from 1531 Custos of Łowicz; from 1538 Canon of Wrocław (Breslau); from 1539 Canon of Sandomierz; from 1547 Canon of Cracow and Provost of Ermland (KOŻUSZEK, passim)⌊Ioannem BenedictiJan Benedyktowicz Solfa (Ioannes Benedicti de Trebul, Ioannes Benedicti Solpha) (*1483 – †1564), physician, lawyer, poet and historian; in 1541 ennobled by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg; from 1521 Canon of the Collegiate Chapter in Glogau (Głogów); from 1522 court physician of King Sigismund I Jagiellon; from 1526 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); from ca. 1528 Canon of Vilnius; from 1529 Canon of St. John’s Collegiate Church in Warsaw; from 1531 Custos of Łowicz; from 1538 Canon of Wrocław (Breslau); from 1539 Canon of Sandomierz; from 1547 Canon of Cracow and Provost of Ermland (KOŻUSZEK, passim)⌋. Et si forsan aliquid offecerit, intendes, quantum potes diligentius apud Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊reverendissimum dominum PlocensemJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋ et ubi hoc necessarium esse putaveris, ne pro tempore electionis meae in coadiutorem ipse doctor Jan Benedyktowicz Solfa (Ioannes Benedicti de Trebul, Ioannes Benedicti Solpha) (*1483 – †1564), physician, lawyer, poet and historian; in 1541 ennobled by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg; from 1521 Canon of the Collegiate Chapter in Glogau (Głogów); from 1522 court physician of King Sigismund I Jagiellon; from 1526 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); from ca. 1528 Canon of Vilnius; from 1529 Canon of St. John’s Collegiate Church in Warsaw; from 1531 Custos of Łowicz; from 1538 Canon of Wrocław (Breslau); from 1539 Canon of Sandomierz; from 1547 Canon of Cracow and Provost of Ermland (KOŻUSZEK, passim)⌊Ioannes BenedictiJan Benedyktowicz Solfa (Ioannes Benedicti de Trebul, Ioannes Benedicti Solpha) (*1483 – †1564), physician, lawyer, poet and historian; in 1541 ennobled by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg; from 1521 Canon of the Collegiate Chapter in Glogau (Głogów); from 1522 court physician of King Sigismund I Jagiellon; from 1526 Canon of Ermland (Warmia); from ca. 1528 Canon of Vilnius; from 1529 Canon of St. John’s Collegiate Church in Warsaw; from 1531 Custos of Łowicz; from 1538 Canon of Wrocław (Breslau); from 1539 Canon of Sandomierz; from 1547 Canon of Cracow and Provost of Ermland (KOŻUSZEK, passim)⌋ a curia regia dimittatur.

Alia, quaecumque esse videris opportuna et in rem meam expedientia, praesertim ut omnia ex consilio Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊reverendissimi domini PlocensisJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋ dirigas, tuae committo industriae.

BCz, 244, p. 125 Reddes etiam litteras Ioannes Cochlaeus (Ioannes Wendelstenius, Johann Wendelstein, Johann Dobneck) (*1479 – †1552), humanist, doctor of theology, fervent opponent of Reformation, author of numerous polemical works and pamphlets; in 1510 appointed a rector of the Latin school of St. Lawrence in Nürnberg; in 1515 accompanied, as a tutor, three nephews of Wilibald Pirckheimer in their travel to Italy, where he was ordained priest; 1519 dean of St. Mary's church in Frankfurt am Main; 1526 parish priest in St. Vicor in Mainz; 1528-1539 secretary and chaplain of duke Georg of Saxony; 1535 Maissen canon; 1539 - Wrocław; 1541-1548 - Eichstätt; during the diet of Worms in 1521, he had two meetings with Luther; in 1530 attended Augsburgs Diet as a prominent member of the group of anti-Lutheran theologian; (CE, vol. 1, p. 321-322; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 238-239)⌊Ioannis CoclaeiIoannes Cochlaeus (Ioannes Wendelstenius, Johann Wendelstein, Johann Dobneck) (*1479 – †1552), humanist, doctor of theology, fervent opponent of Reformation, author of numerous polemical works and pamphlets; in 1510 appointed a rector of the Latin school of St. Lawrence in Nürnberg; in 1515 accompanied, as a tutor, three nephews of Wilibald Pirckheimer in their travel to Italy, where he was ordained priest; 1519 dean of St. Mary's church in Frankfurt am Main; 1526 parish priest in St. Vicor in Mainz; 1528-1539 secretary and chaplain of duke Georg of Saxony; 1535 Maissen canon; 1539 - Wrocław; 1541-1548 - Eichstätt; during the diet of Worms in 1521, he had two meetings with Luther; in 1530 attended Augsburgs Diet as a prominent member of the group of anti-Lutheran theologian; (CE, vol. 1, p. 321-322; DE VOCHT 1961, p. 238-239)⌋ Jan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌊reverendissimo domino PlocensiJan Chojeński (*1486 – †1538), 1523 royal secretary, 1526-1537 Grand Secretary; 1531-1535 Bishop of Przemyśl, 1535-1537 Bishop of Płock, 1537-1538 Bishop of Cracow, 1537-1538 Grand Chancellor of the Crown (WYCZAŃSKI 1990, p. 248-249; PSB 3, p. 396-399)⌋ et rogabis, si quid pro eodem apud Sigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌊serenissimam maiestatem regiamSigismund I Jagiellon (Zygmunt I) (*1467 – †1548), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1506-1548); Duke of Głogów (Glogau) (1499-1506), Duke of Opava (1501-1506), Governor of Silesia (1504-1506); son of King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria⌋ expedire poterit. Et ut contiones Georg Witzel (Georg Wetzel, Vicelius, Wicelius) (*1501 – †1573), Catholic theologian. After his studies at the University of Erfurt and in Wittenberg, he was ordained priest. Under the influence of Luther's teaching he converted to Lutheranism and married in 1524. In 1525 was appointed to the pastorate of Wenigenlupnitz and later to the pastorate of Niemeck. In 1527 he converted back to Catholicism. (ADB, Bd. 43, s. 657-662)⌊Georgii ViceliiGeorg Witzel (Georg Wetzel, Vicelius, Wicelius) (*1501 – †1573), Catholic theologian. After his studies at the University of Erfurt and in Wittenberg, he was ordained priest. Under the influence of Luther's teaching he converted to Lutheranism and married in 1524. In 1525 was appointed to the pastorate of Wenigenlupnitz and later to the pastorate of Niemeck. In 1527 he converted back to Catholicism. (ADB, Bd. 43, s. 657-662)⌋, quae mihi et doctae piaeque hisque temporibus contra Luteranam haeresim commodissimae esse videntur, imprimi possent, quod mihi rem faciet apprime gratam. I felix et Dominus Deus sit dux tuus, eoque duce redi feliciter, et quantum potes, iter tuum matura.

Löbau (Lubawa, Lubavia), town in northern Poland, Kulm Land (Ziemia Chełmińska), ca. 67 km E of Graudenz (Grudziądz), the main seat of the bishops of Kulm (Chełmno)⌊LubaviaeLöbau (Lubawa, Lubavia), town in northern Poland, Kulm Land (Ziemia Chełmińska), ca. 67 km E of Graudenz (Grudziądz), the main seat of the bishops of Kulm (Chełmno)⌋, XV Iulii anno Domini M-o DXXXVI.